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OF THE

ORLEANS COUNTY SOCIETY

OF

NATURAL SCIENCES

e:ditok.s:

J. M. CURRIER, M. D., Newport, Vt.

GEO. A. HINMAN, M. D., West Charleston, Vt.

VOL. I.

OCTOBER, 1870.

JNO. I.

PUBLISHED QUAKTERLT

BY J. M. CURRIER, M. D .

NEWPORT, ORLEANS CO., VERMONT.

TERMS, $2.50 PER ANNUM, IN ADVANCE. SINGLE NUMBERS 75 CENTS.

'Kim

M.l

PRINTED AT THE FKANKLIN PRINTING ESTABLISHMENT,
NEWPORT, VT.

new YOKK

BOTANICAL

dAlTDBII

p#i^^iirs^

Vol. I. OCTOBEK, 1870. No. I.

ON THE

CHARACTER AND CUSTOMS

OF

THE PAWNEES,

By rev. T. E. RANNEY, of Holland, Vt.,*
(post office address, derby line, vt.)

Read before the Orleans County Society of Natural Sciences,

July 12, 1870.

From the time of the fost discovery of this continent,

the inhal)itants of the other have always manifested a great

0:> degree of interest in the occupants of this. Princes have

". , left the abodes of civilization and refinement, and followed

the savages in their roamings over the prairies, and have

err *Mr. Ranney was missionary among the Pawnees three years, and
among the Cherokees fomteen years. We think it would be desirable
if Mr. Ranney would prepare a grammar of the latter language.

4 PAWNEES.

returned and reported to their people tales of h;irdsliip
M'hieh are scareely credited. But with our own i)eo[)le a
much larjjer interest seems to be felt in tlie barbarous na-
tions of the old world, than in their not less barbarous
neiirhbors on this side of the watei*. There are many more
travellers from France amon<r the western Indians than from
the United States. The French lan<rua<re is used more in the
Indian country than En*rlish. If von would obtain an»inter-
preterinthe Indian Territoiy, it is always necessarytoiret one
from the French. The customs and habits of most of the
tribes have undoul)tedly been much modified by thcii' iutei'-
course with the French i)eoi)le, who have been anu)n^" them
both as traders and travelers. I am convinced that their re-
ligious views are in some measure shaped by the superstition
of the French Roman Catholic poi)ulatiou, with which they
have become accjuainted. But to all, whether Fivnch oi'
P^nglish, they })rcsent many interesting topics of en(|uiry.
Those W'ho are farthest removed from the borders oi' civili-
zation, are living the simplest life in which it seems i)ossible
for man to subsist. If the sentiment of the poet expressed
with so much beauty

" Man want^ Init little hero Ijelow,
Nor wants that little long,"

be true any where, it is emphatically so of the native in-
habitants of our western prairies. It lequires l)ut a vci\
little to meet all the wants of a barl)arous i)('ople, and it
may well be doubted whether a great proportion of the
wants of man in civilized life, are not rather imafjinarv than
real. Many of those things we call luxuries and perhaps
some we call necessaries, are but passports to hasten oin*
journey to the tomb. Civilized man, with all his boasts of
improvement in his mode of living, is not capable of en-
during fatigue like one he calls savage, and who is content
to dress in the skin of the buffalo, to lire in a rude wigwam,
and to cook his food by the otfal of the wild l^easts. The
woman of civilized life wonld instantly break down under
a tithe of the hardships of her sister in a barljarous state.
After all we cannot recommend the life of a savage. With

PAWNEES. h

all its advantages, savage life has no charm for me. I
know that many wonld tell us, and some who have tasted
the l)itter and the sweet of savage life, that it has the ad-
vantage in the scale of enjoyment over the civilized, l)nt
such is not my opinion.

In order to be able to judge on this point we must know
what the life of a savage is. My object at the present time
is to impart some information in regard to the life of the
North American Indians. My remarks apply principally
to the Pawness as they were more than twenty years ago,
when I resided with them for about three years. AVhat
facts I propose to give, were derived from personal obser-
vation. In some respects I was not so favorably situated
to learn all their customs and manners, as some others.
My object was not so much to enquire of them, as to teach
them. To acquire their language and to give instruction,
required all the energies I could command. The time
allowed me at present, would not be suificient to give all
that would be necessary to a perfect understanding of the
chequered life of those wild men, " the Arabs of the prai-
rie," as they were often denominated. It would require
an ordinary sized volume to do them justice. But let us
occupy faithfully what time we have.

Were we to be introduced into the midst of an Indian
village, for they live in villages, a great many enquiries
would instantly arise about what we should see. Nor
should we be very particular about the arrangement of our
questions. Every thing about us would be strange and
unaccountable. Our attention would be directed to a
thousand things, in relation to which we should wish to be
informed. But let us first direct our attention to the house
or, as we have learned to call it, lodge, we are about to
enter. Its external appearance is as much like a coal-pit
of New England, as any thing we can compare it with. A
hole is open in the centre of the top from which proceeds
smoke. Around that hole are men standing taking ob-
servations ; perhaps gazing at us or perhaps watching with
interest some games or sonae medicine performance. Here

6 PAWNEES.

is the entrance, invaiial)ly facing the east or sun rising, so
that in their hmguage the name for the east, or the place
where the sun rises is in front or before us. To enter, we
first go through a hall or passage way some four or five
yards long, scarcely high enough to walk erect. The outer
end of the passage way is generally open. If it is the
lodge of much of a warrier, there are hanging near the
entrance a spear and shieUl, with a string of scalps of
their enemies. The passage way is covered like the rest
of the lodge, first with sticks of Avillow, then prairie hay,
and lastly, dirt a foot or more in thickness. The passage
is smooth, well trodden, scarcely wide enough for two to
Avalk abreast comfortably. At the inner extremity of the
hall we come to the door, which is simply the skin of some
animal stretched with small sticks and loosely suspended
from the top by a string. We raise it easily and are wel-
comed most heartily from within, and are invited to the
opposite side of the lodge, where is the most honoraj)le
seat. We find none of the household furniture of civilized
life. The seat given us is a mat of rnshes, unless they
happen to be a little l)etter provided tiian the conunonality,
and may have a pillow of hay from the ])rairie. lint if we
are choice of our dress, we must mind how we sit upon
their cushicui. If it is not well oiled, it is likely that it is
covered with vermin. But we must learn not to fear such
small inconveniences. Here is no place to give vent to
our feelings in favor of a nicely cushioned " old armed
chair." Such are not found ; we have left them far behind
us ; Ave kxjk about us for the comforts of life ; we see no
modern cook stove, but there is a place in the ground, in
the centre, slightly dug out for a fire. Here is a fire of
dry limbs or by chance of the dung of the horse or the
buffalo. There is no stove-pipe or chimney to convey the
soot and smoke. The whole structure constitutes the
chimney, only there is a hole at the top for the escape of
the smoke. But our eyes soon become witness that smoke
does not all ascend directly heavenward in such a dwelling.
There is nothing like habit, and we soon find our-

PAWNEES. 7

selves hal)ituated to dust and ashes, and now it is no evi-
dence of humility. Pride dwells in such an aT)ode as this.
On each side of the fire a pole is set in the ground, which
inclines over the lire to permit kettles to be hung upon
them. Some of these they have obtained from their inter-
course with civilization. Perhaps now a brass kettle of the
capacity of some eight or ten gallons, is hanging over the
fire, filled with sweet corn or beans or the dried meat of the
Ijuffalo. If it is in the fore part of the day, we need not
expect to l)e treated to the contents of the kettles ; these
are not served till near night, until they have been cooked
some four or five hours. This is for the evening feast.
Besides this large brass kettle there are probably small
ones of sheet iron or tin used for the. same purpose.
Here by the fire are unfinished bows seasoning for
use. These are more usually made of hickory wood, or if
they have been fortunate enough to obtain one, they prefer
the hois (Vare. We now look about for other articles,
useful and ornamental. We see no bureau or chest of
drawers ; no cup1)oard with a costly set of china or glass
ware. We may perhaps see on one side of the room some
tin cups, with a supply of spoons made of the horns of the
])uffalo. We may see some muskets with the powder horn
and the IjuUet or shot pouch hung up in one place, and
there is the inevitable well-strung bow and the quiver full
of arrows. These are made of round reeds or small sticks
headed with sharpened iron, and well heeled with feathers
of the hawk or the eagle.

We may be weary and wish to retire ; we look for an-
other room, ])ut there is none. With them this would be
supei-fluons. To rest they lie on the rush mat near the
fire, or sometimes there is a couch against the outer wall
raised some foot and a half from the ground, and supported
by willow sticks running from a forked stake to the ])ack
side of the lodge, made up with a buffalo robe or two
spread over the sticks, and if a covering is desirable there
may be an additional robe or a deer skin or two, or
dearly bought blanket, and sometimes they have a,

8 PAWNEES.

curtain of willow work, which they suspoiul in front of the
couch, which serves to keep off the gaze of the curious.
There is a noise on the top, and we think of the men we
saw standing upon the roof, and [)crhaps fear it may cave
in. We look for the supi)orts. There are pillars arranged
in a circle around the lire. Tliese are not Avrought
according to any class of architecture with which ^\'c arc
acquainted, l)ut are more natural, they are sinii)ly
forked sticks, perhaps deprived of the rough l)ark;
these are the su})i)orts of the roof, and usually there are
two circles of them between the outer edge and the centre
or fire place. To these posts arc hung vai-ious implements
of war, as the lance, the war cluh, and the shield made of
the thick skin of the Imffalo. The inhabitants of the lodge
if at home are variously employed ; the women and girls
may be pounding corn in a ru(h' mortar, one end of which
is sharpened and driven into the gnnmd near the door ;
the pestle is large enough to require the strength of two
women, which would equal the strength of four ordinaiy
women with us. In another part stmie are dressing robes
or deer skins, though this is more commonly out-of-door
work. The children, as naked as born, unless it l)e with
some addition of dirt, are perhaps engaged in some games
of chance or of sldll. There may chance to be a young man
that is engaged at the toilette — plucking out his beard or
eye brows, or having the head shaved and besmeared with
paint according to the most improved fashion. A tuft of
hair is left for the scalping knife, which extends down the
back, and perhaps it is deficient in length and he has it
lenothened a la mode, with the addition of some of the
horse's mane or tail braided on the end. Our immediate
company are engaged around the fire smoking the long
pipe, and at the same time engaged in acts of devotion.
There is something singular in this 'ceremony worthy of
our particular attention. The head man takes out his pipe
and tobacco pouch, which is the head and skin of a polecat,
and hands it to his neighbor, who receives it and exam-
ines it with care to see whether the passage through the

PAWNEES. 9

long stem is clean, and then cuts and rnl^s the toliacco in
his hand, mino-linu' it with the dried leaves of the sumach
lest it have too irreat strength ; then {t-tter a peculiar invo-
cation to the deity tills the bowl of tlie pipe made of a red
kind of stone, and draws his hand carefidly across the
stem and again asks God's propitious care. He spealKS to
some boy or girl to reach him a coal of tire. When the
pipe is fairly lighted, he presents the stem to the mouth of
the owner, who draAvs in a mouthful of smoke and raising
his face toward heaven, he lets a cloud of incense rise with
a prayer to my father above, then draws another mouthful
and l)lows it earthward, and prays to my mother benelith,
and then tour more, tirst to the east, then south, west and
north, at each of which he utters a prayer to that wind ; to
my uncle to be favorable and kill my poverty; after
an additional whiif or two the officiating priest still holding
his pipe in his hand, presents it in a similar manner to the
next, who gofs throngh with the same incantation of ap-
parently sincere devotion, and then he passes it to the next
to the end of th(» company ; each praying in his turn to
the same deities, giving them the same appellation of rela-
tionships. AMien the fuel becomes exhausted the one who
tilled it goes through an additional religious ceremony, and
clears out the bowl and the stem of the pipe, and returns
it with the tobacco pouch to its owner, smd the ju-ayer
meetinof is closed.

Now perhaps an invitation arrives to go to a feast, and
•it is expected that the giiests will go immediately. The
messenger takes us to another lodge, similar in all respects
to the one we have already left. We are obliged to follow
close or we might lose the way, there is such a similarity
among the lodges that w^e can scarcely distinguish one from
another, and their is no regularity in their position. Non-
a lodge and now a horse pen, of willow poles stuck in the
gi'ound near each other, large enough to contain ten or a
dozen horses closely huddled together. On the way we
shall probably hear the harsh voice of the public crier, who
is an old man sent about the village to announce the news

10 PAWNEES.

of the (lav. Listen and oatch tho sound. AVe cannot tell
what he says. It seems like one continued vowel sound :
A r-a-a, with no sense to us. It requires a lar<ie aeijuain-
tance with the lauiruaire to be a1>le to understan'd the erier.
But this is their daily paper, and all the news that concerns
them is made known by liis voice.

They are always at Avar, and are eaiier for the war news.
If a war party of the enemy have been seen, or if one of
their own is returninir from a sueecssful or an unsueeessful
fora<re, it all has to be announced in public on the orders
of the chiefs which nuist be obeyed. But we have come to
the feast and arc seated with others. If a white man is
invited, he n)ust be honored with the hiii'hest seat beside
of the master of the feast. Feastinsf is a ^reat institution
with tliein and when they liave plenty, is indnli:-c(| in to
*rreat excess. A friend who had been with them several
years remarked, that he had been cMlled up after retii-ini;
for the niirht, and invited to attend a laiyc ninnbci- of
feasts. The food is dealt out uns})arinirly when it is plenty.
Dried meat of the bufialo is the most common entertain-
ment at these feasts ; it is dried without salt, and is eaten
without or sometimes with boiling. When eaten without
they (>enerally sup]dy a piece of lean and a piece of fat to
be eaten tocrether like bread and l)utter, and all the «:uests
are expected to eat or carry away all that is set before
them. If perchance any thinir is left behind it will ])e sent
after them to their home. At these feasts they are sociable,
and call for s])eakers as do more civilized men. They are
verv fond of teachins; stransfcrs the use of their lanofiiasre,
and will request them to speak and write out their names,
Avhich is a very diificult matter to do on account of the
lenc^h of their words. The longest word I learned to
speak readily was their name for a button, which to use
properly required the use of some ten or twelve syllal)les,
and they seemed to have no idea of dividing any word into
syllables, but pronounced it as hastily as possible for us to
write.

But one needs to take a look at their village to estimate

PAWNEES. 11

their character and haliife. At the main Pawnee villajre
there were probably something more than two hundred
h)do;es, such as has been described. The larjjest lod<>"es
often accommodate as many as tifty, but pro])ably would
not average more tlian thirty to a lodge. The lodges
are phiced within a few feet of each other, often scarcely
leaving room for a path between. In such villages there
is of course much tilth, and they become very unhealthy
if they remain a great while in them. But in a cer-
tain part of the village we may observe a collection of men,
and the tops of the lodges in that vicinity seem to be cov-
ered, and we wish to know the ol)ject of attraction. It is
probal)le there is a grand medicine performance, hy which
term is indicated a sacred performance of some kind or
other. Their medicine men are jugglers who perform vari-
ous tricks, which are mysterious to the multitude. Hence
any thing that is marvellous or mysterious is what is styted
medicine. This medicine performance is considered with
them a religious ceremony, and consists in rattling a sacred
rattle, and in certain mysterious movements or dances. The
performers are clothed in a sacred dress too pure tc; be
polluted with the touch of a woman. A part of the per-
formance is to swallow long sticks ; to run large knives
down their throats, which are drawn out covered with
blood. This is a specimen of a religious performance among
the North American Indians. Sometimes they set them-
selves up as marks to be shot at with arrows, and with guns
loaded with powder and balls. Such things are done in
the name of religion. I have seen them practiced till the
heart was sick with beholding. As near as could l)c as-
certained they hoped hy these rites to appease the anger
of the God they thus worshiped ; and often I was told they
died in the performance. This is heathenism, a sacrific-
ing to Moloch. I need not to stay to point out its absurdity
and folly. The heart sickens even at the recital of such
abominations, ;ind we will turn away from the scene. As
to their knowledge of medicine they really have as little
as of religion. We are invited to visit a lodge, where one

12 PAWNEES.

is sick with a fever ; we are whfte men and it is supi)()secl
of course by them that we can give medicine to cnve the
sick. But our enquiries are now to ascertaiji what tliey
wouhl <hj. We have seen many a handbill rcconnnendiu.u-
various medicines, because it is said it was iu use by the
Indians, wlio are supposed by mauy to understand all
medicine and to ])e able to heal all the sicknesses of the
people. Nothing coidd be a irreater evidence of quackery.
I do not profess to know that all the tribes of Indians were
as iirnorant of these thinpfs as were the Pawnees, and yet I
know nothinirthat would iudicatcthat auy knew more. If
the knowledire which the Pawnees had ac([uired from the
whites was taken away. Ilicre would be none left. Their
mcdicine'Iike their ivliirion is but a l)undle of superstition
consisting of charms and juiriilery. They are easily imposed
upon and made to believe in almost anythinir hidden and
mysterious. They can he made to Ixdieve that a peculiar
medicine is beneficial, as many in civilized life can ; they do
not, so far as I could learn, administer any medicine to
affect the svstem. It is doubtful whether they know of
any thins: that would act as a cathai-tic. For an emetic
they seemed to knoAV that tepid or warm water would pro-
mote vomiting", but it is doubtful whether they had not
learned this from the whites. Some of them could at times
produce vomiting by the use of a feather run down the
throat. It was not known that the Pawnees ever drew
blood intentionally as a remedy. Some of the neighboring
tri1)es did. 1)ut it is probable they learned to do so from the
whites. Indeed the Pawnees had learned that the whites
sometimes did and supposed it to be a panacea, and if they
were ever ill when white men were about who would bleed,
they were wont to resort to them with the request to be
l)led. I frequently saw the manner of cutting themselves
practiced ])y two other tribes, the Omahas and Otoes to
produce ])lood. They usually bleed somewhere about the
head, and to do it shave the hair from the part, often on
the temples, sometimes on the top of the head and then
take a large knife and hack the skin up in a horrid manner

PAWNEES. 18

ov6r a spot perhai^s as large as a dollar, and then plaeg
over the wound so made the larger end of a cow's horn,
and with the mouth and lungs exhaust the air at the other
end so as to cause the ])lood to run, till they have acccmi-
plished their ol>ject and removed the seat of disease. It
was thus these tribes practiced in removing fevers. But not
so With the Paw^nees. Their doctors would take a dilferent
course ; they would puff and blow all over the patient witli
the mouth in order to cool off the fever, and instead of
dieting according to the rules of our physicians they would
set before the patient all the tempting viands in their reach.
Their philosophy is that while he can eat he will live, and
if he does not eat his allowance he will die. Hence it
seemed to be almost useless to give medicine to a Pawnee
sick with a fever. If the fever is once broken, and the
patient begins to recover, his appetite comes like an armed
man and it is useless to tell him he must not gratify that
appetite. His maxim is eat or die, and the fact generally
is in such a case eat and die. Their eating is not such as
is required to sustain a weakened frame, but such as a
sickly appetite demands. Perhaps their practice in cases
of fever is most erroneous, but we saw more of this because
' ' chills and fevers " were first introduced among them Avhen
we were there. But they did not seem to understand the
nature of any disease. -They can perform no surgical (>[)-
eration with safety. In cases of accident they cannot take
up an artery. Their diseases in their simple life are all of
a simple kind, and they seem to have no complex diseases
among them. Their practice at an accouchment is simply
the rattling of a gourd, a child's rattle. I have lately seen
a medicine advertised to cure the tooth ache, which was said
to have come from these same Pawnees. A more con-
temptal)le imposition could not well be practiced, as they
were never subject to any disease of the teeth. An ano-
d^aie for the tooth ache or a vermifuge obtained from them
would he alike worthless, they having no use for either.

But enough as to their medicinal practice. Let us take
a view of their habits abroad. Their village is built on

14 PAWNEES.

^e ])anks of a stream. They always build thus both for
the purpose of a supply of water aud wood, which grows
only upon the banks of streams in their country. The vil-
lage where they resided when we were there, was situated
on a high bank of the south fi)rk of the river Platte. This
is a wide shallow stream, generally exceeding a half mile
in Avidth, almost alwa^^s fordable. The only obstacle being
found in the bottom Avhich is a sort of (]uicksaiid, and the
current of the stream is constantly changing, and often to
ford it, it is necessary to follow a sand bar in the middle
of the stream some distance up or down in order to get
across. If we go out to the bank we may see people
crossiuir on foot, the women generallv loaded with a l)ur-
den upon the shoulders or head. These l)urdens are loads
of wood or ha}' on poles for their buildings. The men will
be more likelv to be ridinjr on horseback. The women are
hewers of wood and carriers of water. An Indian woman's
lot is a hard one. If there is any drudgery to be done, it
must be done l)y the women. She builds the house, cuts
and backs up the wood, digs up the ground, plants,
hoes, and gathers in the corn, dresses the meat, robes and
skins, packs and unpacks, saddles and unsaddles horses.
A\'hen the man rides the woman generally walks and car-
ries a lariri' Ijurden besides. If we look across the stream,
we see them coming home or going out, and i)robably the
distance, Ijy the way they travel, a mile or more, and yet
we can see women laden with a l)urden of wood, which one
might suppose would break their backs, oftentimes up to
their middles in water and sand, and this is the enjoyment
women have in savage life. We have heard of their
amusements. Is there any thing to alleviate their hard-
ships ? The women seem to have no amusements unless it
be to get together and dance around the scalps of their
enemy, aud it is not much better mth the men. They
have more leisure, it is true, but it is doubtful whether
they have more enjo^iuent. Their amusements consist
principally in gambling by themselves, and in the war and
medicine dance. They have no amusements fitted to ele-

PAWNEE3. 15

vate their minds and render them truly happy. If the
brute beast can enjoy more than the man of mind, then
can the savage enjoy more than the civilized man. Not
that the Indian has no more intellect than the brute beast.
They show in various ways that they have minds capable
of cultivation, and there is no reason why they could not
be as intellectual and moral and happy as any race of men.
To be satisfied on this point one only needs to attend a
council of their chiefs, especially when they meet with the
chiefs of other nations or with the agent of the United
States. They often delight to enter into a discussion in
relation to general principles, when they often show as
much of tact and art as their more cultivated oppo-
nents. Their minds are not cidtivated in schools or acad-
emies, and in some respects they are but children of a
larger growth. The state of their language would indicate
that they were a rude people living in primitive simplicity.
They of course have no names to apply to most of the
objects of civilization. In their uncultivated state they
seem to be remarkably dehcient in the science of numl^ers.
They are incapable of performing the simplest problems in
either of the fundamental rules of arithmetic. It is dilK-
cult if not impossible for them to count a large numl>er.
Their method of counting is easy. Instead of enumerating
by tens as almost all nations do, they enumerate by twen-
ties or as they term it by men. A man has twenty lingers
and toes, and hence twenty is a man, forty is two men,
sixty three men, and so on as tar as they can count at all.
They have no records, hence no history running back
further than the present or last generation. They have no
method of computing time except by days or nigldx, or
what is more usual, by sleeps, moons and seasons, 'i'hey
have only twelve names for the different moons, and every
year have great contention as to which moon the present
one is. Some of the names of the moons are derived from
the constellations in which they exist. In relation to them
there is no difficulty as to name. Others have their names
from some circumstances in relation to it. As in the

16 PAWNEES.

spriii2f they have tlio iiauio for one Avliieh they call the
wind moon, from the circumstance that during that moon
tlie Aviud usually blows 'hard. This comes usually in the
month of March, though the month of Fel)ruary is oftc^n as
windy as March, and this is the time of their difticulty to
determine tiie uame of the moon. 'I hoy liave also the
green corn moon wiiicii is not always so well detined as
some. They have two seasons each year, one the sunnner
the oilier the winter. TluMr hahit of going to the hunt
twice in the year prol)al)ly gave rise to this division.
Twice in u year they all leave their permanent village and
go forth in search of the huti'alo. Tiiey usually start on
their sununer hunt about thetirst of ffune, and are ijone till
August, when tiieir coi'u is rii)e and they return to take
care of it. Their women raise considerable (jnantities of
corn, and arc very l)usy from the time they return to their
tields in Auirust till sometime in Octol)er, <>atlierin<i: in the
corn and drying it till sj)ring. When it is sutticiently dried
they store it away in cellars, or as they are termed cachefi.
These are holes dug in the ground, at the top scarcely
large enough to allow of the entrance of a person, but after
digging some two feet they gradually cidarge the opening,
until it comes to be perhaps twenty feet in diameter and
perhaps ten feet deej). Here tluy hide every thing they
do not wish to take with them, placing a quantity of prairie
hay around on the outside. They cover it so nicely that
it cannot Avell be found by their enemies, and sometimes
so that it is difficult to tind it themselves. When their
etfects are stowed away, they usually start on their winter
hunt sometime in October, and travel at about the rate of
ten miles a day. When traveling scouts are constantly
on the look out for the enemy as well as for the game.
Buffaloes wander in immense herds over the prairies, and
if one is seen others are supposed to be near and generally
are. It is from these the Pawnees mostly derive their food
and raiment. They dress in their skins and when they are
travelling make of them their temporary tents or lodges.
Of their horns they make spoons, of their sinews strings

MINERAL WATERS. 17

for their bows, and formerly used their shoulder blades as
hoes and spades for digging up the ground and cultivatino-
their corn, and probably used them in the place of axes to
get their wood. In killing their game they prefer the bow
and arrow to any thing else, usually shooting from on
horsel)ack. They are much more expert with the bow
than with the gun".

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

OF THE

MINERAL SPRINGS OF ESSEX COUNTY, VT.

By HIRAM A. CUTTING, A. M., M. D.,

LUNENBURG, VERMONT.

All spring waters are everywhere more or less impreg-
nated with mineral matter, but it is only those that are
highly charged with minerals or gases that come under
the head of mineral springs. This mineral element is
derived from the rocks, and soil through which the water
passes, and as far back as history gives us reliable data,
has been used by mankind to restore health or renew the
youth of the old. In the early ages it was supposed that
there was a fountain capable of restoring the charms and
vigor of youth j and thus allow the partaker to live on for
thousands of years, if not forever.

18 MINERAL WATERS.

"When mankind tailed to tind snoha fountain, that virtue
was ascribed to dew, and it was supposed that if a person
draniv no other lieverage, continued youth would be his.
^^'hen America was discovered all the san<ruine believers
in such a fountain turned their attention to the new world.
It was this alone that brought many adventurers hither.
This was one of the incentives that led De Soto to push west-,
ward, innnortalizing hJ?; name by the -discovery of the
Mississii)pi. He, however, crossed this river discovering
the hot springs of Arkansas, which he and his followers
supi)osed to be the fabled fountain of youth. By the less
credulous portion of mankind such s})rings have been uspd
for the treatment of diseases, many times with the licst
results.

The Greeks and Komanswere well accjuainted with their
virtues. As the methods of analytical chemistry have
been imi)roved, they have been used to analyze such wa-
ters, yet the problem is always a difficult one, and as im-
provements are made in the methods of analysis we tind
from time to time ditlerent ingredients discovered in them,
the presence of which had been previously unsuspected.

Mineral springs are by common consent divided into
four classes. Acidulous, Sulphurous, Chalybeate and
Saline. Acidulous are charged with carbonic acid ; Sul-
phurous with sulphuretted hydrogen ; Chalybeate contain
some of the salts of iron. Saline eml)race a much larger
variety, yet all contain in combination or singly some of
the salts. It is also frequent in the same spring to find a
combination of ingredients, yet one class will more fully
predominate.

With these preliminary remarks we will enter upon the
subject more immediately before us, which is to describe
the mineral springs of Essex Count3^ This is as yet
comparatively a new field of inquiry. Though it may be
known that Essex county has mineral springs, their nature,
what they contain, whether valuable ingi'edients or other-

•

wise, has never been inquired into. The largest are the
springs in Brunswick. They are situated on the bank of

MINERAL WATERS. 19

the Connecticut, perhaps, twenty feet al:»ove the surface of
the river. The water boils up in a semicircle in six or
seven places, and, what is remarkalile, seems to be of
different mineral strength. One spring is pure as any
spring water, while all the others are impregnated in a
greater or less degree. On the top of the bank, a few feet
higher and perhaps a dozen rods distant from these springs,
is a pond covering twenty-five or thirty acres. The water
in this pond is clear and cold and usually contains an
abundance of fish, but once perhaps in ten or twelve years
the fish suddenly sicken, and in a few hours all die. In
their spasmodic efforts they roil up the water, otherwise
clear, and it has a milky appearance for several days. This
gradually subsides and in two or three years it is as full of
fish as before. The frogs also leave the pond in great
numbers when the fish die, and for several weeks no ani-
mal life is seen around it. The cause of this great mortality
is not known, yet it seems not improbable that the gas
engendered froS the same cause that impregnates the
spring, may occasionally escape through the pond impreg-
nating the water, and thus destroying the animal life within
it. The geological formation is here in some doiil)t, but
the springs appear to issue from the mica slate formation ;
yet near its conflux with the protogine and granite of
Northern Essex.

A qualitative analysis of the strongesi; spring gives the
following results : One gallon of water contains 87^ grains
mineral and organic matter which is composed of :

Carbonate of Potash,
■ Carbonate of Soda,

Carbonate of Lime,

Carbonate of Magnesia,

Protoxide of Iron,

Sulphuric Acid,

Silicic Acid,

Carlionic Acid,

Chlorine, and a residum of organic matter not yet
detertuined.

20 MINERAL WATERS.

This spriiiij, althoii2:h ch:ilyl)cate, is also strongly saline,
boinp: highly charged with alkaline salts.

Very near this spring another boils np impregnated with
sulphnretted hydrogen. It has 55^ grains of mineral to the
gallon. It is strongly im])regnated Avith[snlphur, but does
not contain so much saline matter as the others, yet it is a
strong chalybeate alkaline water, and I)oth must be very
useful in cutaneous diseases, also as an alterative. Water
collected from a third s})ring within a few inches contained
49 grains of mineral to the gallon, and is similar to the
first mentioned only not so strong.

.These springs perhaps more nearly reseml)le the chalyb-
eate springs of Germany than any others in New England,
and are deserving of further investigation.

Next in importance seems to l)e a spring in Lunenburgh.
This spring is situated near where the mica slate of the
north unites with the talcose slate of th('^)uth ])art of the
town, but really issues in the protogine formation of the
river valley. It is within about ten rods of the Coimecticut
Kiver, and on our warmest days the thermometer stands at
4fi^° F. in its water. It is strongly chalybeate,' a gallon of
Avater containing 46 grains of mineral, a very large pro-
portion of which is iron. It contains :

Protoxide of Iron,

Carl)onate of Potash,

Carbonate of Soda,

Carbonate of Lime,
and a slight trace of magnesium and a residuum of organic
matter. I find only a faint trace of sul})hur compounds,
and it evolves no gas. This water ?loubtless yv'iW be found
very valuable as an alterative and tonic, as it is so strongly
impregnated with iron as to impart a yellowish tinge to
the water. It is a large spring and like those in Bruns-
"wick, is not affected by drouth and only slightly in
temperature by the seasons. The extension of the White
Mountain Railroad passes on the opposite bank of the river,
so this spring is easy of access.

(To be continued.)

INDIAN HISTORY. 21

INDIAx\ HISTORY

OF

ISIORTHERI^ A^EKlVIOTsTT.

By Wm. W. grout, Esq.,
barton, vt.

Messrs. Editors:

The Indian history of Vermont, concerning which you
ask me to give such facts and traditions, as may throw some
light upon the obscure yet interesting subject, and thus
Qontribute, in some slight degree, data for the science of
Ethnology is, indeed, very meagre. The prevalent and
mainly correct notion is, that we have no Indian histor}^
Avorthy the name. Except in a few places the Indians did
not dwell permanently within the present limits of Vermont ;
and no tribe or tribes claimed or exercised undisputed
jurisdiction over the State or any consideralile portion of
it. If they did, the pen of history and the tongue of
tradition are equally silent. The Iroquois, it is true,
occupied a narrow strip along Lake Champlain and the west
line of the state. The Coossiicks held points upon the
Connecticut through the upper half of the state's length ;
and I presume points upon the lower half were occupied by
Pequots. The tribes of the St. Francis naturally hunted
and lished along the extreme northern portions of Lake
Champlain and the Missisquoi River, also in the neighbor-
hood of Lake Memphremagog. But the great central

22 INDIAN HISTORY.

region of the state, in fact all, except the narrow limits
already named, was uninhal)itcd by the red man ; at least
no evidences of a permanent oc('n])atioii have ever been
fonnd.

'Jliis pecniiarit}' of onr aboriuinai history may l)e traced
. partly to the hnv regnlating the distribution of population
over the earth's surtace ; and i)artly to the [)hysical con-
formation of our state, and the relation thereta of the
great tribes then surrounding it. It is a law governing man,
whether civilized or uncivilized, that he seeks the hikes
and rivers and seaboard, and is there found in greatest
numbers. The reason for this law is that with the civilized,
navigable water is essential to commerce which is the main
supi)ort of all great cities; while water communication,
upon small streams even, aids the roving, wandering habits
of the nncivilized, besides furnishing an easy sustenance for
upholding life. It will be seen at a glance that this law
ai)plied to the mountainous and broken territory of Ver-
mont, through the body of which no considerable streams
of water course, would not favor an Indian occupation
remote t'voin the Connecticut, or from Champlain or Mem-
phreniagog. But in addition to this, the discerning mind
will discover another reason against the occnpation of our
state b}' the al)origines. It existed in the relation of the
surrounding tribes to our territory and to each other. The
Iroquois were a powerful and a warlike tribe on the west.
The Pequots another on the south. The Coossucks and
St. Francis were still others upon the east and north.
Between these fierce tribes, jealousies, rivalries and ani-
mosities, of course, held accustomed sw^ay ; and they were,
doubtless, saved from constant war only by the friendly
intervention of these Green Mountains. Poetry will apply
the same law to these savage nations, as if civilized :
"Mountains, inteiposed, make Mendly,

States which else had been at war."
Thus, must Vermont have been a kind of middle or
neutral ground, lying ])etween and separating the territory
(jf the surrounding tribes ; common for the pin-poses of

INDIAN HISTORY. 23

hunting and fishing to all, but safe as a home to none — and
hence unoccupied. These conclusions are, of course,
somewhat conjectural, l>ut are offered in the spirit of scien-
tific and historic inquiry, and, in willing (f^iedience to truth,
Avill yield when better are offered.

At such points within the state as uncler the forgoing
limitations, would naturally attract an Indian population,
Indians are known to have existed ; for certain relics and
rude implements of their sort have been found, which settle
beyond reasonable doubt the question of occupation. Such
relics have been frequently found along the Connecticut
and upon the Passump^ic. A well formed hatchet and
wedge, believed to have come from a quarry in the state of
Maine, were recently found at the confluence of Moose River
with the Passumpsic in the town of St. Johnsbur}-. Relics
and monuments of a highly interesting and instructive
character, have been lately discovered at Swanton, in
Franklin County. In this county places have bqen found
where Indians evidently finished up their stone implements ;
which, taken with the fact that the implements themselves,
are of stone not found " in this county, argues that they
were brought here in an unfinished state, and finished at
leisure ; which further argues the presence of a considerable
Indian population, at some remote time never to be ascer-
tained or definitely fixed by the research of man. At In-
dian Point upon Lake Memphremagog near Newport, it is
supposed an Indian village once existed, inasmuch as
arrow heads and other relics have there been found ; also a
burial place, the bones of Avhich have been Ijrought to view
as the lake has washed away its banks.

To the man who loves the^study of his kind, these relics
and remains are fraught with a peculiar interest ; as telling
the story of a race of men who, numerous and powerful,
less then four centuries ago held' undisputed dominion
over this whole continent, but who have now become nearly
extinct beneath the restless tread of our aggressive civil-
ization.

Right here is a question for scientific men : why is it,

24 INDIAN HISTORY.

that the Indian race fade away l)cfore the a])proach of the
Caucassian? It is not so with the African ; he multiplies
fastest when brought into closest contact with the white,
and the fruits of misceiifenation show an unmistakahlc
ascendency of theidistinctive traits and peculiarities of the
African. But for some unaccountal>le reason the reverse is
true of the Indmn. Well marked cases in point exist in
this county. Several families of unquestionahle Indian
antecedents, now show no trace whatever of ahoriuinal
character. The })r(nuinent cheek bones are the last to
yield. The straight hair, tawny skin and peculiar color
and expression of the Indian eye linger for a time, Init the
fourth, and in niany instances the third generation, not
merely makes obscure, but obliterates them all. As the
Indian tribes, up and (l^)\\ii the whole continent, have
melted away before. the i)ale ghuice of the Caucassian ; so
Indian blood when mixed with \vhit(!, loses i^ essential
(jualities, and every vestige of Indian character is melted
away and absorbed by the Yankee.

And here the (piestion recurs with more than original
for6e, why is this so with the Indian, while the African,
with none of his aggressive and warlike attrilnites, is found
to outlive the white under the test of amalgamation? Ilis
l)lood when mixed with the Caucassian is found to asseit
more than its share of race peculiarities. Can this law be
traced home to some natural cause and accounted for upon
some scientific analysis ; or does it rest in the Divine
predestination of the races, through which this poor and
despised people are yet to reach their just estate in the
future? This question, so full of interest, is left for the
learned to answer.

Besides Indian Point already named, Orleans County
can boast another place identitied with Indian history, viz. :
the thrivinir villasfe of Barton Landing, which takes its
name therefrom. Barton River from Memphremagog to
the Landing was readily navigated by the Indian with his
light canoe. At this, point, however, he encountered the
falls and a landing was necessary, the iu'st from the Lake —

INDIAN HISTORY. 25

hence the name. From thence to this v.illaofe would he
l)ut one portage, and here another — whore, upon the " fair
hosom " of Crystal Lake, he could again launch his tiny
Ijark and hold his course by Avater. Then another portage
via Butternut Flats in Sutton, — relieved, to be sure, by
Bean aiid two other ponds on the summit, then longer and
deeper than now, — to the head waters of the Passumpsic ;
thence with the flow of that river to the Connecticut.
Thus, according to tradition, did Indians of the Coossuck
and St. Francis tribes, pass upon friendly or hostile expe-
ditions from the lodges, villao^es and huntinof (rrounds of
the one to those of the other ; which, it w'll l)e noticed, in
the main lay outside the limits of Vermont.

Besides this, there Avere other routes of Indian travel
across the state, more used ancrbetter known in its early
annals. They lay along the present course of the Vermont
Central and Rutland and Burlington Railroads, as this one
lies along the Passumpsic road.

Thus do we see the civilization of to-day, following the
trail of the untutored child of the forest through the great,
natural gateways of our state, between tide water on the
north and tide water on the south; though instead of the
birchen caiioe, propelled by the puny arm of man, science,
invention, and the mechanic arts have stepped in, and the
transit is now made upon the velvet cushion of a palace
car — drawn by a horse of iron, whose breath is flame, ♦nd
whose nerves are steel.

It might be proper to add, that as the name of the
" Landing," is first traceable to hidian tradition, so it was
perpetuated Ijy the pioneer settlers of this town ; who,
without water comm*unication to the southward and without
roads, shipped their salts and other products to Montreal,
navio-atino- Barton River from the " Landinii- " with flat-
boats ; also the Lake, and returning with hoiischohl
necessities in exchange, were there again (•()nii)elled to
make a " Landing." Such is the origin, history and
signification of a term# which, to the stranger, is suggestive
of wharves, steamboats, sloops and ships of the line.

26

METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER.

Meteorological Register, kept by J. M. Currier, M. D., at Newport, 7t.'
DEClilMBKR, 1869.

Thekmometer in

RAIN AND SNOW.

CLOUDS.

The Open Air.

7 A.

M.

•i ^

i §

P

z °

a

IF

<

1.

t:i

1

p.

i

CO

"a
E

00

• •§

Motion of
higher
clouds.

o

1

1

§

1

39.0

27.3

16.0

23.4

Night.

7 A. M.

.50

10

Nira.

2

N. W.

2

8.4

12.0

7.2

9.2

8

Cu. at.

1

W.

3

3.1

4.0

25.0

12.1
16.0
22.0

4.1
20.0
16.0

6.4
13.3
21.0

12 m.

6 a.m.

.30

3.50

1

1
10

St. .

St.

St.

1

4

6

N. W.

6

0.0

10.6

10.2

6.9

)

5

Cu. 8t.

1

s. w.

7

8.0

7.2

-0.3

4.9

10

Nim.

1

N. W.

8

-8.0

14.2

1.0

3.4

1
2

5.0

24.0

14.0

14.3

Cir. 8t
Cir. 8t.

10

14.0

34.0

23.0

23.6

W.

11

28.2

36.0

31.0

31.7

10

Nim.

1

s. w.

12

32.0

38.2

33.4

34.5

lip.M.

10

Nim.

13

21.6

24.0

16.8

20 8

N ight.

.40

2.70

10

1

Nim.

U

0.0

12 8

2

4.9
14.3

15

-3.0

27.0

18.9

...•>•

»

Cir. St.

1

N. W.

16

23.8

36.0

33.2

31.0

6JP.M.

10

Nim.

17

34.0

39.0

33

35 3

Night.

.20

10
10
10
10
9

Nim.

Nim.
Nim.
Nim

18 <

' 31.0

34 9

30

31 9

8pm

1<»

28.0

26 2

21 3

2*5 1

.60

5.40

W

23.0

27 2

18

22 7

21

25.8

23.0

13.0

20.6

•

Cir. St.

1

W.

22

23.0

36

38

32 3

11 P.M.

.50

4.00

■4

10
1

Nim.
Cir.

23

26.0

32.1

25.0

27.7

3

W.

24

17.0

23.4

32.7

21.0

10

Nim.

1

N. W.

25

20.0

.35.4

29.0

28.1

1

St.

N. W.

26

23.3

34.8

28.0

24.7

10

Cu. St.

1

W.

27

29 7

39

36

34.9
37.2
34.8

10 P.M.

10
10
10

Nim.
Nim.
Nim.

28

38.0

40 4

33 3

1.J0
.40

29

34.0

36.0

34.4

Night.

1.20

—

30

30.0

34.5

34.0

32.8

10

Cu. St.

1

S. W.

31

29.0

28.2

28.0

28.4

•

10

Cu.

2

W.

Mn.

25.51

Slime. 1

4.00

16.80

* For explanations see last page of this article.

METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER.

27

DECEMBER, 18(39.

CLOUDS.

3

I

2 P. M.

3

a

Motion of
hifrher
clouds.

9 P.M.

o

a
3

Motion of
higher
clouds.

WINDS.

7 A.M.

2 P. M.

9 P. M.

c

■■3
a
o

s

o

9

9
1
10
5
2
3

1
2

10

10

10

1

6
10
10
10
10
8

10

9

9

2

9

10

10

01

10

10

Cu. St.
Cir. St.
Cir.
Nim.
Cu-. St.
Cir.
Cir. St.

Cir. St.
Cir. St.
Nim.
Nim.
Nun.

St.

Cu. St.

Nirn.

Nim.

Nim.

Nim.

Cir. St.

Nim.

Cu. St.

Cu.

Cir.

Cu. St.

Nim.

Nim.

Cu.

Nim.

Nim.

W.

N. W.

N.

S. W.

s. w.

N.

s.

s.

s. w.

s.

N. W.

w.

N. W.

W.

N. W.
N. W.
S. \Y.

W.

W.

Cu. St.

St.
St.
Nim.

St.

Cir. St.

Nim.

Nim.

Nim.

Cu. St.
Nim.
Nim.
Nim.
Nim.
Nim.
Cir. St.
Nim.
Kim.

St.

St.

Nim.

Nim.

Cu.

Cu.

W.

W.
N.

S. W.

s. w.

N. W.

W.

s.

w.
\v.

N.

s.

N. W.

• N.
N. W.
S.

s.
s. w.

s.

N.
N. W.
N. W.
N. W.

s.

N.'

N. W.

W.

W.

s.
s.

w.

•

N. W.

s.

s.

N.

s.

N.
S.

w.

w.
w.

N.

S.

N. W.

N.

N. W.

S.

S.

s.

E.

s.

N. W.
N. W.

S.

S.
S. E.
N. W.
S. W.

w.

N.

S.
S. w.

s.

s.
s. w.

N.

s. w.
w.

s.

N. W.

3

1
3
2
1
3

1
2

1
1

1

•^ 0'

3
3

4
2

2

• 1
1

2

W.

N.
N.

S. _
N.
N.
N.
• S.

S.

s.
s.
s. ■

N. W.

s.
s.
s.
s.

N.

w.
w.

N.

s.
s. \v.

s.
s.

N.
N.
N.
W.

s.

N. W.

3
1

4

2

1
3
2

1
1

2
4

2

1
1
1
3

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

28

METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER.

JAXUAKY, 1870,

c

n
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Thermometer in
THE Open Aik.

22.0

31.0

35.3

19.0

14.0

21.0

12.0

0.0

3.0

4.0

22.0

25.3

14.3

-22.0
16.0
35.3
33.0
29.0
16.0
16.0
31.2
11.0
39.7
12.0
15.0
33.0
32.0
14.0
16.2
28.0

-14.0

S

26.0
36.8
37.5
3l!8
23.0
29.0

9.0
14.0

2.0
21.0
20.0
32.0

3.0
-5.3
31.0
33.0
42.0
28.0
23.0
32.6
19.0
26.0
40.2
15.0
30.0
40.2
36.0
28.0
31.1
21.0
22.0

3

05

22.0

43.4

34.0

27.0

15.0

32.0

1.0

2.8

-6.0

16.0

15.0

30.0

0.0

-12.0
32.0
22.0
40.0

•22.7
15.0
28.0
10.0
27.0
32.0
15.3
33.3
37.2
21.2
18.0
29.0
6.0
18.0

Mas.

a

23.3
37.0
35.6
25.9
17.3
27.3

7.3

5.6
-0.4
13.6
19.0
29.1

5.7
-13.1
26.3
,30.1
38.3
26.5
18.0
25.5
20.0
21.3
37.3
14.1
26.1
36.8
29.7
20.0
25.4
18.3

8.7
21.4

RAIN AND SNOW.

to

a
"a
a
'5)

M

.§

1 P. M.

6 A. H.

5 p. M.
10 P.M.

7 A. M.
1 P. M.

8 A.M.

a

Night.

8 A.M.

8 A. M.

10 p.m.

9iA.M.

8iP.M.

9iA.H.

8 p. u.
8 p. M.

9 a.m.

Night.

o _

ae

3 p. M.

7 p. M.

.40

.20
.10

.30
.50
.40
.40

.20

.30

1.00
.20

9 A. M. .40 2.60

a a

2.00
1.70

2.60
4.60
4.00
4.00

9.50

Sums.

31.00

CL0UD3.

7 A. M.

Nim.

Nim.
Cu. St.
Cu. St.
Cu. St.

Nim.

Nim.
Cu. St.
Nim.
Cu. St.
Nim.
Nim.
Nim.

Nim.
Nim.
Nim.
Cu. St.

Cu.

St.

Cu.

Nim.
Cu. St.
Nim.
Nim.
Nim.
Cu. St.
Nim.
Nim.

St.

Motion of
higher
clouds.

1

d
o

1

1

s. w.

2

s. w.

1

s. w.

1

w.

1

s. w.

1

N. W.

1

8. W.

2

N. W.

w.

N. W.
W.
W.

s. w.
w.

N. W.

s. w.

N. W.

METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER.

JANUARY, 1870.

2d

CLOUDS.

2 P. M.

3
o

a

•a

Moti on of
higher
clouds.

9 P. M.

T3
O

m

Motion of
higher
clouds.

WINDS.

7 A. M.

2 P. M.

9 P. M.

.a

o

a
o

2
10
10

9

6
10

1
10

1
10

2
10
10

1
10

1

10
3
3
3
1

10

10
9

10
3
8
3

10
1
1

Cir.
Nim.

Cu.
Cu. St.

Cu.
Nim.

Cir.
Nim.

Cir.
Cu. St.
Cu. St.
Nim.
Nim.

St.
Nim.

Cir.
Nim.

Cir.
Cu. St.

St.

Cu.
Nim.
Nim.
Cu. St.
Nim.

Cu.

Cu.

Cu.
Nim.

Cu.

St.

w.

s. w.

s. w.

w.

w.

N. W.

s.

N. W.

N. W.

S. W.

S.

S. w.

w.

w.

w.

J s. w.

WSW.

s. w.

N. W.

w.

Nim. —
Nim.

Nim.

Nim.

Cir.
Nim.

St.
Nim.
Nim.

Nim.

Nim.

Cir.

Nim.

Nim.
Nim.
Nim.
Nim.
Nim.
Cu.
Cu.
Nim.

Nim.

W.

N. W.

N. W.
W.

N.

S. E.

S.

E.N.E

S. W.

S.
N. W.

s.

N.N.E

S.

w.

S.

N. W.

N.W.
S.S.W.
WSW.

s.

WSW.

S.

s.

N.W.
N.W.

s.

N.W.

N.

S.

W.

S.S.E.

s.

N. W.

t

s.

N.W.

S. E.

S.

s. w.
w.

S.S.W.

w.

WNW

N. W.

s.

|N. W.

s.

N.W.
N.W.

S.S.E.
N. W.

S.

w.

S.
S.

w.

s.

N. W.

N.

S.
WSW.

w.

NNW.

s.

N.W.

s.

S.
S. E.

s.
. s.

s.
• s.

N.

s.
s.
s.
s.
w.

N.W.
N. W.

S.
N. W.

S.
N. W.
S.S.E.

S.

S.

S.

N.W.

N.

S.

S.
N. W.

S.

S.

N.

S.

6

2'

1

7

2

2

3

3

2

3

1

4

2

2

1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

30

METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER.

FEBRUARY, 1870.

Thermometer in

RAIN AND SNOW.

CLOUDS.

The Open.Air.

•

7 A.

M.

to

M
1*

^1

Amount of r.ain or

melted snow,

in inches.

1 .

a tn

n

5
§

s

■<
t-

§
o

"o

1

<

1

a

Mo^on of
l^er
clouds.

9

1

I

20.0

19.0

2.0

13.6

.20

1 00

10

Nim

2

-12.0

12.0

10.0

3.3

9 A. M.

.30

2.00

10

Nim.

1

s.

3

4.8

11.0

5.0

6.9

liP.M.

.20

1 80

10

Nim

4«

-24

-3.0

-9

n

5

3.0

23.0

15.0

22.6

10

Cir. St.

1

s. w.

6

6.0

25.8

16.0

16.9

4

St.

s. w.

7

15

37

15.0

22.3

10

Nim

8

11.0

22

23.0

18.6

5 P H

in

Nim

fl

23.0

23.3

23.1

23.1

1 00

8 00

10

Nim

10

20.0

21.1

20.0

20.3

10 P.M.

.10

.50

10

11

2.0

17.8

16.0

17.9

10P..M.

1

St.

1

w.

1?

26.0

39.4

23.0

29.4

30

2.30

10

■Nim

13

2.0

5.0

-8.0

-0.3

5

Cu.

1

N. W.

14

4.0

22.4

26.2

17.5

1 p. M.

10

Cu. St.

1

s. w.

15

34.6

37

'28.0

33.2

8 A. M.

1 60

30

10

Nim.

16

11.8

19.0

15.0

15.2

9

Cu. St.

1

N. W.

17

-2.0

31.2

32.0

20.4

1

Cir. St.

8. W.

18

36.0

40.0

42.0

39.3

IP. M.

9

Cu. St.

s;

19

9 2

14

8

10.4

Ham

1.80

10

Nim

20

-1.0

30.8

24.2

18.0

Night.

1

St.

21

15

9

20

86

.40
.20

5.30
2.60

10

Nim

22

-5.0

12.o'

4.8

4.0

7iA.M.

9

Nim.

1

w.

23

9.0

23.0

17.0

16.3

.......

3

St.

2

w.

24

7.3

13.0

3.2

7.8

10

Cu.

1

s. w.

25

1 2

10.0
18.4
29

9

6.7

7p. m;

10

Nim

26

9 7

18 2

15.4

7iP.M.

.20

1.00

10

Nun

27

7

22 2

19.4

7 p. M.

10

Nim

28

22.0

36.2

28.0

28.7

V —

.40

3.00

10

Nim.

^

3In.

15.91

6.70

27.80

~

~"

METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER.

31

FEBRUARY, 1870.

CLOUDS.

s

S

10
10
10

1

2
9
9

10

10

10
1

10
1

10
9

2

10
9

10
1
9

10
1

10
6

10

2 P. M.

1
o

Nim.
Nim.
Nim.

St.

St.

Cu.
Cu. St.
Nim.
Nim.
Nim.

St.

Cu.

Cu.
Nim.

Cu.

Cu.
Nim.
Cu. St.

Nim.

Cxr.
Nim.

Cu.

Cir.
Nim.
Cu. St.
Nim.

Motion of
higher
clouds.

9 P.M.

W.

W.

W.

S. W.

N. W.
W.
W.

N. W.

W.

S. W.

W.
S. W.
N. W.

S. W.

3

I

Motion of
higher
clouds.

is

WINDS.

7 A.M.

P

2 P.JVI.

.a
p

Nim.

Nim.

St.

Cir.

Cu.

Nim.

Nim.

Nim.

Cu.

Cu.

Nim.

Nim.

St.

Cu. St.

Nim.

Nim.

Cu.

Cu.

Nim.

Nim.

Nim.

Nim.

S.
W.

w.
w.
w.

N. W.

s. w.

s.

N. W.

s.
s.
s.
s.
s.

N. W.

W.

N. W.
S. W.

W.
S. E.
S. S. E.
N. E.
S.S.E.

S.
WNW
N. W.

W.
S. W.
S. W.

s.

N. W.
W.

NNW
S.

N. W.

S.

NNW

W.

S.
S.S.E.
S.S.E.
N. W.
N. W.
N. W.

S.
S. w.
N. W.

S.

w.

N. W.

s.
s.

N. W.

s.s.w.

NNW

s.
s.

N. W.

N. W.

WNW

S.S.E.

S.

9' P. M.

N. W.

S.
N. W.

S.

s.
s.

N. W.

N.'W.

N. W.

N. W.

S.

w.
s. w.

s.

N. W.
N. W.

s.
s.

N. W.

s.

N. W.

s.
s.

N. W.

W.
WW.

s.

N. W.

f^ I

P

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8-

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

82

METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER.

MARCH, 1870.

5

a
o

o

t»

a
P

Th^Jiometer in
The Open Aik.

a,

RAIN AND SNOW.

be

•S ^

a o

a a

js .o
<.. a

bo ^
a o

- o
o _a

S '■

« O en

^ C <i>

aS--
|S

o .
a 00

00 V

CLOUDS.

7 A.M.

3

a

.3

Motion of
higher
clouds.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

U

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

' 31

28.0

33.0

19.2

16.0

10.0

13.0

-4.0

23.0

4.0

28.0

13.0

32.0

9.0

32.0

7.0

32.0

9.0

30.8

17.4

22.0

-9.0

13.0

-18.0

18.0

8.0

•32.0

8.0

30.0

6.0

35.0

7.0

39.0

30.0

30.6

25.0

33.6

7.3

35.3

14.0

49.7

34.8

44.3

36.0

41.4

25.0

26.0

14.5

19.0

8.5'
4.0
27.2
38.0
36.4
36.7
28.0

'21.0
40.0
37.0
43.0
45.0
45.3
50.0

25.0
14.1
2.6
12.0
20.0
20.0
24.0
15.0
23.1
11.0
-2.0
14.0
23.0
20.0
25.0
36.3
25.0
21.0
22.0
35.3
36.0
33.3
24.3
20.0
13.0
29.0
31.0
38.0
36.0
37.0
37.2
Mns.

28.6
16.4

8.8
10.3
17.3
21.8
21.6
18.0
20.9
16.8
-3.0

4.6
21.0
19.3
21.6
24.4
28.5
26.5
21.5
33.0
38.3
36.9
25.1
17.8
14.1
24.3
31.7
39.6
39.1
37.6
38.4
23.3

11 A

ZiT.

6 A

9 A. M,

8 A. M.

10 P.1I.

Night.

Sums.

.20

.50

10

.30
.20
.20

.70

2.80

1.40

.60

Nim.
Nim.
Nim.
Nim.
Fog.
Nim.
Cu. at.

St.

Cu. St.

Cu. St.

Cu. St.

St.

Cu. St.

Nim.

Cu. 8t.

Cir. St.
Nim.
Cu. St.
Nim.
Cir. St.

. Cir. st

St.

Cu. St.

Cu. St.

Cir. 8t.

•

s. w.

N. W.
W.

S. W.
W.

1.50

6.60

s. w.

N.

N. W.

N. W.

N. W.

N. W.

s. w.
s.
s.

S. E.

METEOKOLOGICAL REGISTER.

33

MARCH, 1.S70.

CLOUDS.

s

10
10

1

10

3

10

10

2

4

3

4

3

10

1

10

10

9

4

10

10

10

1

u

10

10

5

1

2 P.M.

■a

3

c

Motion of
higher
clouds.

9 P.M.

■a

•2 I

a

3

Motion of
higher
clouds.

Cu. St.
Cu. St.
Cu. St.
Cu. St.
Cu. St.
Nim.
Cu. St.

St.

Cu. .
Cir. St.

St.

St.
Nim.

St.

Cu. at.

Nim.

Cu. St.

Cir. St.
Nim.
Nim.
Nim.

Cir.

Cir. St.
Cu. St.
Cu. St.
Cir. St.

Cu-.

W.

N. W.

W.

w.

N. W.

N. W.

S.

w.

s.

. N.

w.

3 I N.W.

W.

S.

2 i S. E.

S. K.

10

10

2

10

10

2

5

!

8

7

9

10

1

1

10

10

10

1

10

10

I

Cu. St.

Cu. St.

Cu. St.

Nim.

Nim.

St.

Cu.

Cu. St.

Cu. St.

Cu. St.

Nim.

Cir.

St.
Nim.
Nim.
Nim.

Cu.
Nim-.
Cu. St.
5 i Cu. St.

N.W.

2 N. W.

s. w.

mxDs.

7 A.M.

■B

1 S.

N.

N.W.
N. W.
N. W.

S.

s.
s.

N.

S. E.
S. S. E.
WNW

N. W.

S. S. E.

N. W.

NNW

S.S.E.

S. S. E.

N. E.

N.

■S. S. E.

S.S.E.

S.

S.

w.

N. W.
N. W.
N. W.

S.
S. K.

N.
N. W.

S.

2 P. M.

O

w.

N. W.
N. W.

S.

S.

N.
N. W.
N. W.

W.
N. W.

E.

S.
N. E.
NNW
N.W.

E.

N.
N. W.
NNW

S.

S.
WNW
N. W.
N.W.
N.W.

S.
S. E.

E.

N.

N. W.

S.

9 P. M.

W.

N. W.

S.

S.
N. W.

N.
N. W.
N. W.
N.W.
N. W.
N. W.

S.
N. W.

S.

s.
s.

N.

N.
S.

S.

N.
N.W.
N. W.
N. \V.
N. W.

S.
S. K.

N.

N.

N.

S.

a

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

-20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

34

METEOROLOGICAL RECUSTER.

APlilL, l.STO.

Therimometer IX
The Open Air.

RAIN AND SXOW.

CLOUDS.

7 A. M.

d e
•St "

1^.

. ^ 1 1

•3
§

"5

<

J5

0-.

a
<a

s 1

.5 te

g O M

I. c a

O _ o

<

1.

'h

1

Jlotion of
higher
clouds.

c

1

37.0

51.4

40.7

43.0

3

Cir. St.

1

'n. w.

•2

29.8
34.0

52.4
43.4

36.0

39.4

:;o,s

2
1

St.
St.

3

4

30.0

39.0

36.0

35.0

10

Cu. St.

2

N. E.

5

36.0

49.8

38.0

41.2

10

Cu. 8t.

1

N.

6

33.6

45.3

35.0

37.9

5 p. M.

5

Cu.

1

S. K.

7

35.0

36.8

32.0

34.6

.•20

10

Nim.

8

35.0

51.8

39.6

42.1

N ight.

•

.20

10

Cu 8t

9

33.4
30.8
36.0

51.0
58.0
61.0

36.0
46.0
49.0

40.1
44.9
48.6

7

St.

10

11

S.

12

38.8

50.0

40.0

42.7

N ight.

7 a.m.

■ > I ■

10

Cu. St.

2

N.

13

31.0
4:J.O

47.0
73.0

37.2
50.0

38.4
55.3

*'*'•'

10

Cu. St.

2

14

W.

15

42.2

44.3

44.4

43.6

10

Cu. St.

2

n.

16

42.2

56.0

42.8

47.0

2

Cir. St.

1

s. w.

17

35.8

55.0

47.0

45.9

2

Cir. St.

2

s. w.

18

47.0

61.0

54.0

54.0

1

Cu. St.

1

s.

19

51.5

52.8

43.0

49.1

7iA.M.

.10

10

Cir. St.

2

E.

•20

38.0

45.7

40.4

41.3

.50

6

St.

1

S. E.

•^1

36.0

48.0

42 4

40 1

.10

10

Nim

22

42.0

58.0

48.0

49.3

N ight.

.10

7

Cir. St.

E.

23

43.8

64.0

50.0

52.6

9

Cir. St.

1

N. W.

24

50.0

65.0

52.0

55.6

2

Cir.

2

N. W.

25

39.0

50.0

38.2

42.4

3

Cir.

2

W.

26

46.0

58.0

52.3

52.1

I-

Cu. St.

2

N. W.

27

46

71

62.0
53.0

59.6
61.8

St.
Cu. .

28

62.0

70.6

2

s. w.

29

39.0

49.5

37.0

41.8

St. •

2

N.

30

34.0

60.2

50.0

48.0

■

i

St.

Mn.

45.48

. ^Siinis.

1.20

1

1

METEOKOLOGICAL REGISTER.

35

APRIL. 1S70.

CLOUDS.

S

10
10

4:

10
3

q

8

-I
1

9

10

2

2

1

10

10

10

10

9

10

4

1

10

1

1

2 P.M.

s
o

Motion of
higher
clouds.

Cir. St.

Cir.
Cir. St.
Cu. St.
Cu. St.

Cir.
Nim.

Cir.

Cu. St.

Cu. St.

Cir.
Cu. St.
Cu. St.

Cir.

Cir.

Cu.
Nim.
Nim.

Cu.
Cir. St.

Cir.

Cu.

.

Cir.

Cir.

Cu.

St.

Cir.

9 P.M.

•a

W

Motion of
higher
clouds.

WINDS.

7 A.M.

ft •

P4

s.w.

1

s. w.

2

S. E.

4

1

S. B.

10

2

S. E .

1

2

S. E.

10

10

2

N.-

"

(»

1

—

S.

I

2

N.

2

1

N.

2

•

7

—

10

1

w.

2

2

s.w.

8

2

s.

7

—

10

7

1

N. E.

10

1

N.

10

1

W.

5

—

10

1

2

N. W.

6

1

N. W.

8

2

S.W.

1

^i

1

w.

9

Cu. St.

Cu. St.

St.

Nim.

Nim.

St.
Cu. St.
Cu. St.

Cu. St.
Cu. St.
Cu. St.
Cu. St.
Cu.
Nim.
Cu. St.

Cu.

Cir. St.

Cir.

Nim.

S.

Cu. St.

Cu. St.

St.

Cu.

S. E.

S. K.

S.
N. W.

W.

s. w.
s. w.

s.

E.

N. E.

W.

N. W.
N. W.

2 P.M.

^

s.

s.

N.

3

N.

1
4

N.

3

N.

2

N. W.

S. S. E.

o|

S. S. E.

«l

S.S. E.

S.

N.

1

NN W

3

S. AV.

1

N.

2

S. E.

3

S.

4

S.

N. E.

4

N.

NN W.

WNW

S.S.E.

1

S. S. E.

2

N.

3

S.

1

S.

s.

1

N.

2

N.

1

N.

S.

N.

N.
E.N.E

N.
N. W.
WNW
N. W.
N. W.

S.

N.
N. W.

S.
N. W.

S.

s.

S. E.

E.

N. E.

NNW

WNW

S.

w.

N.

W.

S.W.

S w.

N.

s.

9 P. M.

a
o

P

S.
N. W.

N.

N.

N. E.

N.
N.
S.

s.
s.

S. E.
N. W.

S.

N.

S.
S.

s.
s.

N.

s.

N.

S.

s.

N.
S.

s.
s.

N. W

N.

N

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20
4

21

22
2S
24
25

26
27
3 I 28
29
30

36

METEOROLOGICAL UEtilSTER.

MAY, 1«70.

o

1
2
3
4
6
6
7
8

e

10

11

12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
^20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31

TlIEKilOMETER IN

The Open Air.

42.8

43.5

59.2

60.0

38.0

43.2

39.0

42.0

53.3

43.0

43.2

37.0

42.0

46.0

57.0

62.0

52.0

50.0

58.0

66.0

50.0

42.0

45.0

50.0

52.2

47.6

46.0

52.0

56.3

60.4

70.2

46.0

58.4

79.0

53.6

53.0

52.3

60.1

66.3

51.0

58.0 I

50.0

47.0

52.0

64.0

72.0

67.0

63.5

72.0

84.3

64.0

50.0

54.0

66.0

55.3

64.0

62.0

66.0

76.3

80.0

84.0

80.1

I

48.0
47.0
63.0
41.3
44.3
42.2
47.0
59.8
45.1
48.3
44.2
43.0
44.0
64.0
60.0
47.3
49.0
60.2
70.2
52.2
46.0
47.0
56.0
52.0
57.0
46.0
58.0
57.0
64.2
69.0
66.0
Mn.

45.6
49.6
67.0
51.6
45.1
45.9
48.7
56.0
49.8
49.7
45.8
42.3
46.0
58.0
63.0
58.7
55.5
60.7
70.8
60.7
48.6
47.6
55.6
52.4
57.7
51.8
56.6
61.7
66.8
71.1
72.1
56.53

RAIN AND SNOW.

t!0

a

E

S

H

a 5

O C

B ^

B-

N ight.

10 a.m.

N ight.
Nieht.

10 a.m.

12 M.

.10

8 A. .Vf.

12 m.

3 p. M.

12 m.

Night.

j

Night, i

N isrht.

Sums.

.20

.70
.10

.20

.30
.10

o .

X O)

CLOUDS.

7 A. M.

1.70

c
t2

Motion of
hipher
clouds.

.a

Nim.

Cir.
Cu.

Cir.
Cu. .

Cu. !<t.

Cu. St.
Niiii.

Cu.
Cir. St.

Cir.
Cir. St.

Cir.

Cir. St.

Cir. St.

Cir.

Cu.

Cu.

Cu.

Cu.

Cir.

Cir.

St.

St.'

w.

N. W.

VV.

s.
s. w.

s.

N. W.
N. W.
N. W.

N.

s. a.

N.
W.

AV.
N.

S. K.
S. W.

N.

W.

. s.

METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER.

37

MAY, 1870.

s

a

10 1

10

1

2

6
10

7
10
10

6

6

10

1

1

3

9
10

2

7
10

9

3

1

4

li

■2

1

CLOUDS.

2 P. M.

13

a

Cu.

Cu. St.

Cir.
Cir.
Cir.
Cu.
Cu.
Cu.
Cu.
Cu.
Cir. St.

Cu.
St.
St.
Cu.

Nlni.

Cu.

Cir.

Cu.

Cu.

Cir.

Cir.

Cii-.

St.
Cir. St.

Cu.

.Motion of
higher
clouds.

9 P.M.

■a

3

Ui

Motion of
higher
clouds.

2

N. W.

2

N.

1

N. W.

2

N. W.

S.

2

s. w.

2

s.

■2

S. w.

•2

N. W.

2

N. K.

N.

1

S. W.

2

N. W.

2

W.

2

S.

2

w.

2

N. E.

1

S. VV.

S. W.

1

S:E.

1 2

S.

St'.

Cir.cu.

Nim.

Cu. St.

Cu.

Cu.

4 ] Cir. St.
,
10 I Nim.
i

Cu. St.

Nim. —

Cir. St.

Nim.

Cu.

Cu.

Cir.

St.

Cir.

WINDS.

7 A. M.

.a

a

2 P. M.

9 P. M.

pq I

O

o

s.

w.

N.

N. E.

N. W.

N. W.

S.

w.

s.

s.

N. W.

1

N.

1

S. S. E.

N NE

1

S.

1

S.

1

S. W.

1

S. E.

1

S. W.

N.

3

N.

S. S. E.

1

NNW

4

NNW

NNW

3

N.

3

S.

1

S.

N. W.

1

N.

S.

N. W.

N. W.

S. E.

1

E.

2

S.

3

S. E.

2

S. E.

2

s. ■

2

S.

1

S. E.

1

S.

w.

W.

1

WSW

S. E.

N.

1

s.

s.

S. E.

1

s. w.

S. E.

1

NNW

2

N.W.

s.

NNE

2

N.W.

2

NNW

N.

1

N.

S.

S. S.E.

S.

S-

4

s. w.

3

S. W.

1

w.

2

N.

1

s. w.

S. E.

N.W.

N. W.

N. E.

N. W.

1

S. W.

S.

1

N.

1

s.

S. E.

4

S.

3

s.

3

S.S.E.

1

w.

N. W.

1

N. W.

2

NNW

1

N.

S.

N. W.

2

8.

1

S. S. E,

S.

1

S.

S. S. E.

1

N.W.

2

8. E.

1

S. S. E.

N.

1

8.

S.

1

S.

3

8.

1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

J18

29

30

31

38

METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER.

.JL'XK, 1«70.

Thermometer in

RAIN AND SNOW.

CLOUDS.

The Open Air.

7 A. M.

1 »

a a

Si s

1 °

•2|

i e

■Sfe

Sis

lis

1 .

•51

1

■<

a

3

00

1

•s
s

1
u

o

Motion of
higher
clouds.

1
>•

1

1

66.7

80.0

66.2

70.9

1

St.

—

s.

2

68.0

80.4

69.0

72.4

6 p.m.

7 p.m.

2

Cir. St.

1

S. E.

3

64.0

88.0

72.0

74.6

6

Cir. St.

1

S.

4
5

74.0
70.3

86.0
91.0

76.0
74.0

.78.6
78.4

4

Uir.

2

s. w.

6

79.0

84.0

72.0

78.3

5

Cir. St.

2

s. w.

7

76.0

89.0

67.0

77.0

5i P.M.

.80

2

Cir.

2

s. w.

8

68.0

72.0

66.0

68.6

5 p. M. 1 2.30

10

Nim.

1

s.

9

68.8

83.0

62.0

71.2

6

Cir. cu.

1

s.

10

64.0

74.»

58.0

65.3

8

Cir. St.

2

8. E.

11

64.5

82.1

69.0

71.8

3 p.m.

31 P.M.

.10

1

Cir. St.

1

S.

12

68.0

81.0

64.0

71.0

4

Cir.

2

S.

13

60.0

79.6

70.0

67.8

3i P.M.

51 P.M.

9

Cir. St.

2

s.

14

61.0

80.0

64.2

75.0

N ight.

7 A.M.

.40

10

Cir. cu.

2

u.

15

68.0

80.0

68.0

72.0

6i P.M.

7i P.M.

.05

8

Cir.

2

w.

16

74.7

80.0

68.2

74.3

2

Cir.

s. w.

17

68.0

79.6

66.0

71.2

10

Cir.

3

.N. E.

18

65.0

87.0

71.0

74.3

11P..M.

12 p.m.

8

Cir. 8t.

2

N. W.

19

73.2

82.0

71.0

75.4

.05

1

Cir.

20

72.0

78.0

63.0

71.0

4

Cir.

3

W.

•21

53.0

55.2

54.0

54.0

9

Cir. St.

3

N. W.

22

54.0

64.0

59.0

59.0

7

Cir. cu.

3

.N. W.

23

58.0

76.0

68.0

67.3

8

St.

3

X. E.

24

74.8

90.0

78.0

80.9

1

Cir.

1

.N. W.

25

77.0

88.0

72.0

79.0

5i P.M.

.05

—

26
27

71.0
64.0

76.8
82.0

66.0
67.0

71.2
71.0

8am

.10
. -20

10

7-

Nim

8 A.M.

8 p.m.

Cir. cu.

1

N. W.

28

73.3

80.0

67.7

73.6

10

Cu.

3

N.

29

68.0

75.2

62.0

68.4

1

Cir.

1

N. W.

30

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

••

Mn.

71.50

Sums.

3.95

METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER.

39

JUNE, 1870.

CLOUDS.

2 P. M.

•§

2

Motion of
higher
clouds.

9 P.M.

!3

14

Motion of
liigher
clouds.

.i«

a

WINDS.

7 A. M.

2 P. M.

9 P. M.

4
3
6
2
3
9
7

10
4
9

10
4
8
7
7
5

1
6

10
1

10
1
1

10
2

Cu. St.
Cir. cu.

Cu.
Cii-. cu.
Cir. cu.
Cir. Gu.
Cir. cu.

Cu.

Cir.

Cir.

Cu.

Cir.
Cir. cu.
Cir. cu.

Cir.

Cir. cu.

Cir.

Cir.
Cu. St.
Cir. St.

Cir.

Cir.

Cu.
Cir. cu.

Cir.

Cir.

St.

w.

s. w.
s. w.
s. w.
s. w.
s. w.
s. w.
s. w.

S. E.
S. E.
S. E.
S. W.
S. W.
S. W.

W.
N. W.

S. W.

W.
N. W.
N. W.

N.

W.
N. W.
S. W.
N. VV.

W.

Cu'.cu.

St.

Cir.
Cir. St.
Cir. St.

Cu.
Cir.cu.

Cir.
Cir. St.

Cu.
Cir. St.
Cir. St.

Cu.
Cir. St.

St.

St.
Cu. St.

St.
Cir. St.
Cir. St.
Cir. St.

Cir.

St.
Cir. St.

Cir.

Cu.

Cir.

Cir.

S. E.

S.

w.

S. w.
s. w.

S.
S. w.
s. w.
s. w.

s.
s. w.
s. w.
s. w.

w.

s. w.

N. W.

N. W.

w.

N.

w.

N.

S. S. E.
S.

s.
s.

S. S. E.

S.

S.

N.

S.
S. E.
S. E.

S.

S.

N.

S.

s.
s.

S. E.

S. E.

W.

N.

N. W.

S.
S. S. E.

s.

s.

8.S.E.

S.

N.

N. W.
N. W.

S.
N^NW

S.

S.
S. E.
N. W.
S. E.

s. w.

s.

s. -w.

S. S. E.

S.

N.

NNW

N.

N.

S. E.

N. E.

N. W.

N. W.

N.
WNW

N.

S. S. E.

S. E.

N.

N.

s.-

S. E.

S.

S. S.E.

S. E.

s. w.

N. W.
N. W.

s.
s.

S. E.

s.
s.

N. W.

s.
s.
s.

N.

s.
s.

N. W.

s.

S. E.

s.
s. w.
s. w.

s.
s.

S. S. E

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

2T

28

29

30

40

METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER.

JULY, 1870.

a
o

&

o

Thermometer in
The Open Air.

RAIN AND SNOW.

c
"3
a

a

5f *

p o

o

•ilx

^ c i'

O ^ O

2-3.5

gs

= 1

CLOUDS.

7 A. M.

«

Motion of

lii^'li' r
clouds.

1

■2
3
4

"6
6
■ 7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31

56.4

68.0

59.0

74.0

65.0

82.0

68.0

83.0

70.0

82.0

73.0

84.0

68.8

85.0

78.0

77.0

67.0

75.0

72.0

82.0

82.0

80.0

69.3

79.0

68.0

86.0

67.0

75.0

67.5

75.0

62.0

80.0

71.0

82.0

77.6

87.0

72.5

84.0

68.0

84.0

72.0

80.0

61.0

84.«

72.0

88.0

80.0

94.0

75.0

83.0

70.0

84.0

61.0

77.0

64.0

83.0

70.0

85.0

65.0

72.0

60.0

83.0

68.0
65.0
63.8
67.0
68.8
68.0
74.0
64.0
64.0
72.0
71.0
79.0
69.0
67.0
62.0
72.0
70.0
72.5
70.0
72.4
68.0
69.0
75.a
74.2
71.0
76.0
63.0
71.0
67.0
61.0
70.0

64.1
66.0
70.2
72.6
73.6
75.0
75.9
73.0
68.6
75.3
77.6
75.7
74.3
69.6
63.1
71.3
74.3
75.7
75.5
74.8
73.3
71.3
78.3
82.7
78.3
76.6
67.0
72.6
77.3
66.0
71.0

Mn. I 73.08

7 A. M.
3 A. M.

N ight.

3 p.m.

1 A. M.

8 A. M.
8 P. M.

Night.

9 p. M.
4 p. M.

Sums.

N iglit.

6U-M.
5 p.m.

N ight.

7i P.M.

6h A.M.

N iglit.

4 P.M.
12i PM

6 a. m.

.80

.16
.10
.23

.20

.30

.

7 A. M. .35

.05
.55
.05

.30
.30

3.38

Cu.

Cir.
Cir.
Cir.
Cir.
Cir.
Cir. cu.

Cir.

Cir.

Nim.

Cu.
.

Cu.
Cir. St.

Cir.

Cir. cu.

Cir. cu.

Cu. •

Cir.

Cir. cu.

Cir.
Cir.
Cu.
Cu.
Cir.

3 N. \V.

S. W.

N.
S. W.

s. w.
s. w.
s. w.

\v.
w.

s. w.

w.

N. W.

w.
w.
w.

w.

2 S. W.

I

2 ' S. W.

3

N. W.

METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER.

41

,TULY, 1870.

CLOUDS.

2 P. M.

>3

"a

a
o

"S

<M
o

i_

1

3

1

3

5

5

7

5
10

1

9

3

8

4

2

3

3

5
10

3

2

4

2

4

3

4
10

8

8

5

T3

g

Clr.
Cir. cu.

Cir.
Cir. cu.

Cir.

Cir.

Cu.

Cir.

Cu.

Cir.
Cir. cu.
Clr. cu.

Cu.

Cir.

Cir.

Cir.
Cir. cu.

Cir.
Cir. cu.

Cir.

Cir.
Cir. cu.

Cir

Cir.

Cir.

Cir.

Cu.
Cir. Gu.

Cu.
Cir. cu.

Motion of
higher
clouds.

S. W.
W.

S. W.

W.
S. W.
S. W.
S. W.

N.

s. \v.
s. w.
s. w.

N. W.

W.
N. W.
N. W.
N. W.
N. W.

W.

W.
N. W.
S. W.
N. W.

W.
N. W.
N. W.
N. W.
N. W.

s. w.

a. w.
w.

9 P.M.

3

Ui

Motion of
higher
clouds.

WIND^.

7 A.M.

Cir.

Cir.

St.
Cu. St.

Clr."

Cir.

Cu.

Cir.
Cir.cu.

Cli-.

Cu.

St.

Cu.

Cir.

Clr.

Nim.

Cli-.
Cir. St.

Clr.

Cu.

Cir.

Cu.

Cir.

Cu.

Cir.cu.

Cir.

\V.

s.

w.
w.

s. w.

N.W.

W.
W.
W.

s. w.

w.

N.W.

N. W.

S. W.
N.W.

N. W.

S. W.

N. W.

W.

NNE

S. E.

S.

S.

s.

s. w.

S. E.

S. W.

s. w.

s.

s.

S. S. E.

s.

s.

S. S. E.

S. S. E.

S.

8. W.

E.

S.«

s.

.S.S.E.

s.

s.

w.

s.

NNW

s.

s.

wsw

s.

2 P. M.

9 P. M.

a

o

^
O

N.

1

8.

NNE

1

NNW

s.

1

S.

s.

1

S.

1

s.

3

S. S. E

s. w.

S.E.

2

s. w.

4

S.

3

s. w.

2

s.

w.

O

s.

2

s.

3

w.

s. w.

2

S. S. E.

1

s.

3

S.

1

s. w.

S. E.

N.

N. W.

w.

3

N. W.

NNW

1

S.

w.

3

s.

1

w.

2

E.

N.W.

1

S.

s.

3

S. w.

2

N. W.

3

N. W.

S. S.E.

1

s.

WSW

2

S.

1

s. w.

3

s. w.

1

w.

3

S.

2.

w.

3

w.

3

N.

1

S. S. K.

s.

2

S.

3

S.S.W.

1

w.

3

w.

3

s.

w.

2

s.

1

2
3
4
6

6

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
16
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31

42 METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER.

Exjjiaiui/ioiis.

Tho foregoing meteorological ohsei'vations were registered at Xew-
poi-t, Vt., for the Smithsonian Institution, in latitude 44 degi-ees and
55 minutes North ; longitude 4 degi-ees 40 minutes East from Wash-
ington ; 750 feet above the sea.

Under the head of clouds the first, fifth and ninth columns of figures
imlic-ilte the amount of cloudiness, which is estimated according to a
scale from to 10: meaning entire clearness, 10 entire cloudiness,
intermediate numbers so many tenths of the sky covered with clouds.
The second, sixth and tenth columns of a])breviations indicate the
kind of clouds, viz : St. Sti'atus ; Cu. Cumidus ; Cir. Cirrus ; Mm.
Nimbus; Cir. st. Cirro-sti'atus ; Cu. st. Cumulo-stratus; Cir. cu.
Cirro-cumulus ; no clouds. The third, seventh and eleventh columns
of figures indicate the rate of motion, 10 being the highest and appar-
ent rest. The indicates that the observation was made, but the

motion or direction could not be determined.

Under the head of winds, the figures in the second, fourth and
sixth columns indicate the force of the wind according to the following
scale of numbers : * '

1 represents a very light breeze 2 miles per hour.

2 " gentle breeze 4

3 " fresh breeze 12 "

4 " sti-ong wind 25

5 " high wind 35 "

6 " gale 45 "

7 " ■ strong gale .• . 60 '• "

'8 " violent galf 75 "

9 " hurricane." 90 "

10 " most violent hurricane 100 "

The thermometer used was Fahrenheit's.

MICROSCOPIC MOUNTING. 43

X E W M () U X T I \ G

FOR

MICROSCOPIC OBJECTS.

By HIRAM A, CUTTING, A. M., M. D.,

lA'NENBURGH, VER:M0NT.

After mail}- experiments with Briui.swick bluelv, iioUl
size, &c., as well as the various varnishes used for that
purpose, I tiiid in zinc white mixed with Daniar varnish,
a substitute in ever\- ^Y•dy adapted to the purpose. Some
of its advantages are that in mounting in glycerine, a circle
may be made with the prepared paint on the slide which
l^artially dries in a short time. Then put a drop (jf glyc-
erine within this circle, mounting in the usual way, pressing
the cover down lirmly upon the ring of thin })aint
where it will closely adhere. It will not cloud the glycer-
ine, and \'ou can finish at vour leisure. In niountiu''' in
ii'elatine or balsam vou can mount in the same wav if you

O «^' •■■■ •/

choose, if not the paint Avill not I'un under the glass cover
as the Brunswick black is apt to do. This varnish and
zinc white will become very hard when dry, and will adhere
so firmly to the glass that you cannot sepafate it without
much difficulty, instead of its cracking off as is frecjuciif ly
the case with the Brunswick black. It will not craci< at
any temperature ; and further, the object may be finished up
at once; striped with red, blue, or any other color, which
will give it a finished look, and after two or three days
it will be safe in any position. These advantages, together
with great dural)ility, should, I think, recommend it to all.

44 DOUBLE MAPLE TREE.

The zinc paint mixed and sold as Italian or Florence white,
thinned with I)aniar*\^arnish is the tinest and l)est lor nse.

INJECTION OF AXLMAL TISSUES.

In makinir injections of animal tissues, after they have
parted with their natural warmth, I find the operation much
facilitated by soakina- the same in a solution of carholic
acid and water, with a temperature a little above blood
heat. It gives an elasticity to the vessels so that the
injection can be forced into the smallest cai)illari(>s with
ease. I use one part carbolic acid to one hundred parts of
water, letting the part to be injected lay in the solution
until it has become blood warm. Then inject in the usual
manner.

TWO

DISTL\CT MAPLE TREES

UNITING PERFECTLY

AND FORMING ONE COMMON TRUNK.

REPORTED BY THE SENIOR EDITOR.

Standing on the side-walk in fi'ont of Rev. Geo. H.
Bailey's residence, in Newport, Vt., is a curious. maple tree,
{acer saccharimwi.) It starts from the ground by two
distinct, and well formed trunks, proceeding upwards three
and three fourths feet, they unite, forming one straight
trunk over tweut\' -five feet in height. Only a few small
branches are given off except at the top where there are

DOUBLE MAPLE TREE. 45

several laro-e ones. The common trnnk at the top appears
to beat least two-thirds the size of that, one foot alcove
the union ; it is round and smooth, excepting several places
where efforts were made by nature to heal over decayed
branches ; the same may be said of the two lower trunks.
The union is so perfect that the bark is as smooth nine
inches above as at any part of the tree, althouoh there are
slight faults b}' means of which the union can, by stretch of
imagination, be made out. It is clear that both trunks, one
being smaller than the other, help form the conmion trunk
in proportion to their size.

The following measurements were made several days
since by myself with great care : East trunk : circumfer-
ence three inches from the ground, tifteen and one-fourth
inches ; three inches below the union, thirteen and three-
foiuths inches. West trunk : circumference three inches
above the ground, eleven and one-half inches ; three inches
below the union, ten and three-fourths inches. Common
trunk : circumference three inches aliove the union, twenty
and one-half inches ; eighteen inches above the miion,
seventeen and one-fourth inches. Distances between the
east and west trunks : three inches above the ground, three
inches ; three inches below the union, one and six-tenths ;
one-half way between the two measurements, three and
three-fourths inches. Height of union above the ground,
three feet and nine inches.

This singular tree was found in Coventry, Vt., on the
farm of Haiwey Hammond. Mr. Bailey who has an
appreciative ^^e for natural curiosities, had it dug up and
])rought to its present location in the spring of 18(58, with
great care and considerable expense. The tree is now
(1870) growing well.

46 EDITORIAL.

d-bitoriul Dtjjartmtnt.

We present to our readers the first number of the
Archia'es of Science. \Vc liavc been th'Iayed in its pnh-
lieation hy innnerous unforseen hindrances, which will
not be Hkely to occur Avith future numbers, ^^'e have met
with cncouraaenieut from ahnost everv (luarter. and we
hope to receive assistance from (!very scientitic man in the
State.

This journal will l)e issued quarterly, containing sixty-
four octavo pages with all necessary illustrations ; it will
be made up of original articles upon all scientific subjects,
especially giving the results of original observations* and
researches respecting scientitic matters of the State, al-
though it will be oi)en to subjects, outside the State, by
Vermont men.

The Science of Entomology is one which needs to be
cultivated in this State, and special efforts will be made to
encourage its study, and we would request all newspaper
editors to mention this fact when they notice this work.
There is no subject which so directly concerns the Agricul-
turist as this — no one which so much needs to be studied
l)y him, yet how little pains he takes to inform himself
respecting the nature and habits of insects.

A part of the work will contain the Transactions of the
Orleans County Society of Natural Sciences, giving the
results of the labors of that scientific body, that will ])e of
any interest to science.

When we started this publication we expected to give
extracts from other journals, of such matters as would
interest the readers of Vermont, but have since concluded
to shut out every thing but original matter, giving only
occasional notices of new and worthy publications.

NEW PUBLICATIONS.

^eta publication;

THE ANATOMY OF THE BLOW-FLY {Musc^ Vom-
itoria. Linn.) A Monograph by Benjamin Thompson
Lowne, M. K. C- S., England. Ilhistrated with ten
phites.

This work has been bronght forth w^ith wonderful pre-
cision and accnraoy. It emln-aces 121 images wuth ten-
plates on copper, executed by the author himself, and col-
ored.

Plate I, facing the title page, shows the general form
and structure of the Fly. Plate II represents the hard
parts of the head and proboscis. Plate III represents the
right half of a vertical section of the proboscis, showing
the relations of its component structures. Plate IV rep-
resents, the alimentary canal. Plate V exhibits the various
structures of the thorax. Plate VI illustrates the devel-
opment and appendages of the thorax. Plate VII repre-
sents the sympathetic nerves and ganglia, also some of the
structures of the eye. Plate VIII represents other struc-
tures of the eye, also parts of the antennae. Plate IX
represents the various parts of the abdomen. Plate X
represents the organs of generation. i

This is a very valua])le acquisition to entomological sci-
ence, and great praise is due Mr. Low^ne for his extensive
researches and for the neatness, clearness and erudition
which characterizes the work. The advanced student in
comparative anatomy and physiolog^^has, in this work, not
only a convenient manual, Init the most elaborate treatise
on the sul)ject. New facts arc brought to light, old ones
confirmed, and errors corrected.

48 NEW PUBLICATIONS.

WINTER AM) SPRING ON THE SHORES OF
THE AH:I)ITEKRANEAN : or, the Riviera, M(Mit()iu',
Italy, Corsica, Algeria, Spain and Biarritz as winter
climates,- by J. Henry Rennet, M. I)., inenil)er of tlie
Ro^^al College of physicians, London, ttc, A'c., &i'.
Fourth edition, published by 1). Ai)i)lcton, tt Co., DO,
1)2 and 94 Grand Street, New York.

The author of this work was an over worked London
practitioner, sufl'ei-ing from pulmonary consumption, and
sought some quiet corner in which to die. 'i'he shores of
the Mediterranean were selected and he arrived ther(^ in
tlie autumn (it" l^ol*, where he resided ten winters, and
almost completely recovered his health, greatly to the
surprise of his friends and himself. He has wi'itten this
work with a view of showing the adaptation of its climate
and physical condition of the country to consinnptive
patients. He gives the physical geography, geology and
botany of the Mentortian amphitheatre, and several impor-
tant places along the shores of the Mediterranean. The
results of his meteorological observations are also given, to-
gether with a description of the manners and customs of
the inhabitants ; consideral)le historical matter is also
added. .Mention is made of several caves near Mentone,
in which were found bones of various animals, shells, re-
mains of Crustacea, stone, arrows, lance heads, spear points
and pieces of Hint, which were considered by many of the
most able geologist of the world, to prove the existc^nce of
a pre-Adamite race of human beings.

' The work contains much that is of scientific interest, and
can be read by every one with profit. It reaches H21
pages, besides several plates, maps and cuts, which form
no unimportant feature in the work.

TRANSACTIONS

OV TIIK

OE LEANS COUNTY SOCIETY

OF

NATURAL SCIENCES

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE

Hon. J. L. EDWARDS, Dkrby, Vermont,

Rev. J. G. LORIMER, Derby, Vermont,

J. M. CURRIER, M. D., Newport, Vermont.

ACT OF I,\(H)l{P()RATION.

AX ACT ro IN(()1{1'(JKA'I"E rilH OHIJOANS COlXrY SOCI-
E'l'V OF NA'rrUAL SCIKNCKS.

// is herein/ ( nariffl hy Ihv (h-neral As.stiiMi/ of the State of Vennonf, :

Section I. Thut l.ciunt'l Hichiiioiid. Gt^or^i* Ilt-nry Hliss. J. 1"..
Dickcrinan, II. A. S|)cii'<t. E. V. CoUon, .1. M. ('iiirif'v. I):ivi(l .M.
('.•iin|). 2(1. ^I. II. FulifT, H<»\:il ('uiimiini^s. (Iror^ff A. Hiiiiii:iii, Allied
Randall. Ix-wis H. IVisIhms .lohn L. Edwaiils, and others, who liaAc
herctDf'orc f<>nn(^d iin assoi-iatidn in Orleans C'onntv styled the (Jrleans
("onnty Society of Xattn\il Scietn-es. haviiii^ for its ohject the advance-
ment of science and the establishment in said Connty <»f a mnsemii
and lil)rary for the illustration and study of its various branches, their
associates and successors, are hereby declared and created a ixnly cor-
l)orate by th^* name and style ufore.sfiid ; and by that name they shall
liave perpetii.il succession, may sue and be sued. imj)l(!ad and be im-
pleaded in all I -ouris of competent jurisdiction, may acquire by pm'chase,
g\h or devise. recr;ive and hold pi'oi)erty real, personal or mixed, and
the same e\i-hange, sell, lease or otherwise dispose of. as they may
deem proj)er for the objects and ))urpos(!S aforesaid, and not otherwise ;
may have a common seal and break ar alter the .same at pleasure, and
may make sucli constitudon. rci^ulations and by-laws .-is may be reijui-
site for the -iDvennnent thei-eof, not In-ing contrary to the laws of the
land, and may alter the same at pleasure.

Sectk >n 2. The constitution and by-laws of said .association now
in operation shall govern the corporation hereby createil until the same
shall be rcirulariy altered or repealed, and the pi-es(Mit officers of s.-iid
association shall be officers of this corporation until their respet-tive
terms of office shall expire (;r be vacated in pursuance thereof.

ACT OK INCUKFORATION. ol

Sj:( rioN ',i. riif jirojx-rtv mid ettta-ts now hclongiuH- to the a.ssocia-
tion afoivsiiid shall, on acccjjtancc of this charter, thtTcbv bccoint'
vested in the coriioration herein created, ami all property owned oi"
held by this corporation shall he t'xenipt from taxation, so lon;^ as the
same shall continue to be held and used in gocxl faith for the (jbjects
and pm-poses aforesaid: bnt whenever any real estate of the corjiora-
tinn shall be leased to any other jjerson or pe]-sons, the leasehold inter-
est therein shall Ix' taxable to the lessee or lessees thereof, as in other
cases.

Section 4. The members of this association shall acquire no indi-
vidual property in the real estate, cabinet, library or other effects
thereto belonging, which ai-e hereby declared to be f.illy vested in the
cor])<)rati()n as such, but the interest of the members therein shall l)e
usufructuary merely, and shall not lie transferred, assigned, hypotheca-
teil. ()]• otlierwise disposed of. than as hereinbefore j)rovided.

Sectiox 5. This act shall not be opei-ative imtil all persons w ho
have heretofore formed the Oi-leans C'oimty Society of Xatural Sciences
shall have assented thereto in writing, and the instrument of assent
shall be recorded in the records of the corporation.

SECTfdX 6. This act shall be taken to be a public act, shall be siil)-
.ject to the control of future legislation, and shall take effect from its
passage.

.-kpjtroved, XovemlxT 10. IKmi.

ACCEPT71NCE OF THE CHARTER

BY

'"T"^

TJIK ^IVZ^lT^Klll

We, ineiulicrs of the OrU'jiiis ('(Hiiitv Soi-icty of X.itiival Si-iciict's,
who foi-ined said Soi-ictv pn^vious to Xovcmlier 10, IHfii), do ussciit to
the Act incorporating said Society, passed by the General AsscinMy
of the State of Vennoiit. XoveniluT 10. 1800.
[Signed In]

J. M. crnHIEl?. K.-l). 25, 1870.

S. W. D.VNE. Feb. 25. 1870.

R. CT.M,MIXr;S. Feb. 25. 1870.

W. I). CIJ.WE. Feb. 20. 1870.

M. II. irid.KK. Feb. 20. 1H7().

J. F. WinfUrr. Feb. 28, 1870.

X. C'lIEXHV. yiimh I. 1870.

(;E(). S. KEr>SE.\, .Manli I, 1870.

I-. II. P.ISHEE. .M:nch5, 1870.

I). .M. CA.Mi'. 2i>, .March 5, 1870.

1). (lOUDlHE. March 8, 1870.

(JEO. A. riiX.AI.VX, .March 8, 1870.

J. C. HrTIIEI{F()I!!). .March 8, 1870.

JOSI.VII (niOCr, ,Ik., .Manh 15. 1870. "

,1. E. DICKEK.MAN, March 20, 1870.

II. .V. SFEXCEH, Ajn-il 5, 1870.

II. F.\I1{('IIILI). April 13. 1870.

criAKLES I. VAIL, April 14, 1870.

AEFIIEn I!.\X1)AEI>, Ai)ril 21, 1870.

(;E(). IIEXI;^ F.LISS, April 27, 1870.

J. L. EDWAHDS, April 30, 1870.

L. KK'ILMOXI). May 10, 1870.

E. A. STEWAirr, May 10, 1870.

T. E. RAXXEY, Mny 10, 1870.

A. A. SMITH, .May 10, 1870.

I). W. BLAXCilAIlI), May 13, 1870.

J. Ct. LOHIMEK, May 26, 1870.

H.D.HOLMES. May 30, 1870.

JOHX A. HOWKEK, June 15, 1870.

E. P. COLTOX, July 12, 1870.

CONSTITUTION.*

ARTICLE I.

This Society shall be called the Orleans County Society of
Natiuai, Sciences.

ARTICLE TI.

It shall consist of four orders of members, to wit : AcTiNc;, Asso-
ciate, Cokkesponding,- and Honokaky Memheks.

Acting ]\Iembeks. To become an Acting meml)er, the candidate
shall be a resident of Orleans County, and shall be elected by ballot ;
the affirmative votes of a majority of the members present shall b(?
necessary to a choice.

Associate Memkeks. Associate members shall be 7ion residents.
Their election shall be similar to that of Acting members ; and they,
as well as Corresponding members, shall be classed as Acting mem-
bers in case of their removal to this County.

Cokkesponding and Honokaky Memheks. Con-esponding and
Honorary memljers shall also be elected by ballot, Ijut the allirmative
vote oi three-fourths of the members present shall be necessary to their
election.

ARTICLE III.

Voters. Acting mendiers only shall lie entitled to vt)te, to hold
office, or to transact business ; Corresponding and Honorary members
may attend the meetings, and take part in tlie scientitic discussions
of the Society.

ARTICLE JV.

Every Acting and Associate member upon signing tlu- oliligation
presttribed in Chapter 1 of the By-Laws, and paying an achnission f't-e
of two dollars, — and all other members upon their election, — shall
receive a Diploma under the Seal of the Society, in the ftjllowing Ibrm,
to wit :

* This Society has adopted the Constitution ;ind liy-Laws of the I'ortland Society of .Natural
History, which seemed the best wlapted to its circunistauces, a few changes only being made.

54 CONSTITUTION.

OKLKANS COUNTY SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIKNCES.

Be it known : That is a niembev

oftheOKLEAXs County Societv oi Natuhal Sciences.

In testimony wlu'n-of this Diploma is issued, signed by the Tresident
and Seeretary of the Soeiety, and il^ Corporate Seal affixed, at Derby,

in the Stat^ of Vermont, U. S. A., this day of A. D. 18—

• . President. [Seal.] . Secretary.

AHTICLE V.

Officeics. The ollicers of this Soeiety shall be a President, two Viee
Presidents, a Seeretary, a Treasurer and an .\nditor. Tin; four first
named ollicers together shall manage the coiicenis of the Society, and
shall l)e calleil the Council.

.VUrULK VI.

The f^LECTioN of Lip.karian ani> Cukatou. The Council shall
annually elect from the members of the Soeiety, a Librarian, and as
many Curators as they shall deem expedient, who shall be entrusted
with the care of tiie library and Cabinet.

AHTICLE VI L

()ffi<p:r.<<. How Chosen. All officers shall be chosen by ballot, and
a majority of votes shall be sufficient for a choice.

ARTICLE Vill.

The common Seal of the Society shall l)ear as a devise, a landscape,
a waterscape, an evergreen tree, and a b»raver bearing a l)ranch to the
water, suiTouuded by the title of the .Soeiety, .ind the dale of In
incorporation.

AIM'K'LK IX.

P»v-Laws. By-Laws foi- the more paiticular regulation of tlie Soci-
ety shall be made frctm time to time.

AUTK LE X.

Altekationsj ok Amenj>MENTS. This Constitution may be altered
ami amended in any of the preceding articles at any regular meeting
l)y a vote to that etieet of three-fourths of tlie members present ; such
alterations or amendments having been presented in writing at a
previous regular meeting: but the article which immediately follows
this shall be unalterable.

APvTICLE XL

Dissolution. The consent of every member shall l»e nece.ssary to
a dissolution of the Society. In case af a diss(jIution, the property of
the Soeiety shall be given to Derby Academy, or if it should not
exist, to the most flounshing Academy in the County, on such condi-
tions as may be agreed upon : and the faithful performance of such
conditions shall be secured hy bonds with sufficient penalties for the
non-fulfillment thereof.

BY-LAWS.

CHAPTER T.

MEMHKKrt.

Section 1. The following obligation shall be .signed In all Acting
and A.s.soc'iate members elect, within torn- month.s after tiicir election,
and it .shall be the duty of the Secrctai-y to i)reseat the same for signa-
ture. Neglect to sign the (jbligatiou when thus presented, or t(j pay the
admission fee, shall render such election null and V(Md, if .so declai-ed
by a majority of the members present at any reguiai' meeting.

OBLIGATION OK ME.MBKUS.

In becoming a member of the Orleans C'onnty Society of Natural
Sciences, I promise to conform myself t(j its Con.stitution, Laws and
Regulaticjas ; in testimony wlun-eof I do hereunto sub.scribe my nann-.

Section 2. Corre.spomling and Honoi-ary members shall not be
required to pay an initiation fee or any a,s.sessment,s.

Section 3. If any pei-son shall be balloted for, and rejectc(l, or Ins
name withdrawn previous to the ballot, no note of such rejection i>i-
withdrawal shall l)e made on tlie i-ecords of the Society.

Section 4. Any member may withdraw from the Society by giving
written notice of his intention, and paying all airearages due from him.

Section 5. Mend)ers may be exptdled from the Society, by a vote
of three-fourths of the members present, at a meeting spin-ially called
for the purpose, by a notice given at least one month previous, ami
served personally upon the accused mend)t'r.

56 BY«LAWS.

CHAPTKK II.

OFFICERS AND TIIKIR DUTIES.

Section l. At all meetings of the Society mikI of the Coiincil, the
Pvesidcnit, or in his absence tlic lirst Vice President, or in tlie :il)sence
of both, the second Vice President, or in ease all :ire absi'nt, a member
chosen for the occasion, shall preside. lie shall jireserve order, regu-
late debates, annoimce ilonations, and genei-all}- introduce all <.)ther
subjects of inter(!St to the Soc-iety. He shall call special meetings of
the Society at such times as he nuiy deem necessary, or at the ret^uest
in writing of live members.

Section 2. It shall be the duty of the Secretary to take and i)reserve
correct minutes of the proceedings of the Society and Council ; to
notify all Acting, A.ssociate, Corresponding and Honorary mendiers of
their election, and to keep a correct list of the meml)ers of tiie Society,
with the date of their election, resignation oi' death ; to have; charge of
the pajx'rs iind documi'nts and of tlie common seal of tlie Society ; to
notify meetings when tlirected by the President, and acknowledge do-
nations ; to conduct the correspondence of the Society ; siiall also kec^p
correct copies of all letters written on tlic Imsiness of the Society.

Section 3. The Treasurer shall take charge oi' tlut funds of the
Society ; attend to the collec-tion of all fees and assessments, and re-
ceive all ilonations in mcniey or otiier siicurities which may be madi^
to it ; pay all accounts against the Society, when the same are approved
Ijy the Auditor ; he shall have care of the certificates of membei-ship
duly signed, which he shall (hdiver to Acting or Associate members
elect upon the payment of the admission fee. Ib^ shall keep a corrtict
account of all receipts and expenditures in a Ijook belonging to the So-
ciety, and shall at each annual mec'ting, and at other times when
required by the Council, make a detailed report of the same.

Section 4. The Librai-ian shall take charge of all books belonging
to the Society, or deposited for their use under the rules prescribed in
Chapter IV. ; he shall make a correct catalogue of them, and keep a
record of all donations to, oi" dt;posits in, the libniry, and of such bcjoks
as are borrowed frt)m the library by the members, which rec(n"d and
catalogue shall always be open to the inspection of the memljers ; and
shall permit the use of the library to members only, and such other
persons as the Council may delegate, under such regulations as may
from time to time be adojjted ; and shall annually report the condition
of the library. It shall be his duty also to attend at the library rcjom
on such days and at such times as the Council shall direct.

Section 5. The (Curators shall be entrusted with the care of the
museum. Each Curator shall be chai-ged with the safe keeping and
arrangement of the depaitment to which he may be specially appoint-

BY-LAWS. 57

f>(l, and shall koep the key tlioveof. He shall arrange the sp(>('lniens
after some approved system, and so far as is practicable, label them
with the names they l)ear in snch system. The Curators shall keep a
correct catalogue of articles in their care, and shall be alone authorized
to select du])licate specimens from the cabinet, and effect exchanges.
At the annual meeting, or whenever the Council requires, they shall
individually report to the Society the condition of their sevei'al de])art-
ments, the additions made during the year, and the deficiencies which
exist.

Sectiox 6. The Council shall have the general charge of the build-
ing belonging to the St)ciety, or one which the Society may lease ; shall
see that its contents are kept in the best order, and may select a com-
petent person, if necessary, as a Janitor or attendant, who shall be
imder their immediate control. They shall report on what repairs are
necessary and see that they art! pnjperly executed ; shall pi-ovide for
the accommodation of the Society and its museum, also for public
lectures when such shall be iletermined upon ; shall a])point the lec-
turers and arrange their compensation: shall regulate the order in
which the lectures shall l)e given, and the terms upon which the public
may be admitted to them; shall authorize all expenditures of money
for the increase of the museum ; and generally shall do any and all
other acts not specially provided for in the Constitution and By-laws,
and which are not inc<jnsistent with the same, and which they may
think necessary to the continuation and success of the Society.

Section 7. It shall be the duty of the Auditor to examine all bills,
and if correct give an order on the Ti-easurer for the amount ; exam-
ine the Treasurer's books and accounts ; keep correct miimtes of their
proceedings, and report at the annual meeting in each year.

CHAPTER III.

COMMITTEES AND THEIK DUTIES.

Section 1. At the annual meeting of the Society, the President
shall appoint twelve .Standing Committees, each to consist of three
members, whose term of service shall be one year, viz :

1. Committee on Ethnology.

2. Committee on Comparative Anatf)my and Genei'al Zoology.

3. Committee on Mammalogj.

4. Committee on Ornithology.

5. Connnittce on Ilerpetology and Ichthyology.

6. Comniittee on Invertebrata.

7. Ccmmiittee on Entomology.

8. Committee on Botany.

, 9. Comihittee on Paleontology.

58 BY-LAWg.

10. CommittRo on Geology ami Mineralogy.

11. Coiuniittee on I.ihrary.

12. CtJiiuuittec on Pnblications.

The Curators siiall always be Chairmen of the Coniiuittecs on their
respective departnicMits .

Section 2. All Committees must report in writing; and every re-
j>ort must be signed by a majority of the Committee offering it.

Section 3. The Connnittet^ on Pnblieations shall eonduet all pub-
lications of the Society under the rules prescribed in Chapter VI., and
shall rei)ort to the Society at the ainnial nn-eting in each ye.ii-.

CHAPTER rV.

IJHK.\KY.

Section 1. The Library shall consist of works on X.vrt k.vi, His-
ToKV, and other subjects connected therewith.

Section 2. All books in the liiirary must be class(^d accoi-iiing to
their subjects.

Section 3. The President, tirst Vice President anil Lil)rarian, shall
constitute the Library Connnittee. They shall have a general super-
vision of the library, negotiate all exchanges of duplicates, keej) ;i
correct list of all additions to the lil)rary, recommend such additions
as they may deem inijxirtanl. .-uid n-port the condition of the library
at the annual meeting in eacji y«!ar.

Se( tion 4. rhe Librarian alone shall keep the keys of the cases
containing the books, and shall at such times as the Council may
appoint, oi)en the library for the use of the Society.

Section 5. ^lendiers or others may deposit books in the libraiy foi-
the use of the Society, ami may if they choose, prohibit their removal
from the lil)i-arv rooms.

Section 6. ^Meiidjers may iiorroAv books, property of the Society,
from the Librarian, on such conditions as the Council may from time
to time establish.

Section 7. No member shall be allowed to take from the library
mcn-e than one ])ook at any one time, and this may be retained one
month and no longer. ^Vhen, on account of any particular investiga-
tion or study in which a member may be engaged, any deviation from
this law is desirable, the written consent of two or more of the Lilirary
Committee shall be obtained.

BY-LAWS. 59

Section 8. The Library Comiuittee may si)ecify and designntc liy
the word "Retineatur," certain books which shall on no account be
taken from the library.

Sectton 9. No member shall be siUoNved to renew the louii (>f a
book, if any other memlier shall express to the Librarian, in writing,
his desire of obtaining it.

Section 10. The Liln-ary Committee shall be ^'esponsible for all
library property entrusted to their charge, unless exoneratt-d l)y the
S(jcietv.

CHAPTER V

THE MUSEl M.

Section I. The Cabinet shall consist of collections in the different
departments of Natural History.

Section 2. All specimens sent to the cabinet shall be considered
the property of the Society, unless tiie owner shall make known in wri-
ting, his wish to retain the privilege of withdrawing them.

Section 3. The mimes of donors, with the ai'tieles given, shall, in
every instance, be recorded in a book kept for that purpose by the
Curators of each department.

Section 4. No specimen of Natural History contained in the col-
lections of the Society shall be lent from the museum under any pre-
tence or for any purpose whatever, unless by the consent of a majority
of the Council, or for the purpose of exchange under the ilirection of
the Curators.

Section 5. Acting, Associate, Corresponding and Honorary mem-
bers shall have access to the Cal)inet, at all times, subject tu the
regulations established by the Council.

Section 6. Strangers may be :idmitted to the museum and the
meetings of the Society by invitaticni of, and in company with, any
member of the Society.

Section 7. Mendiers desirous of examining or describing speci-
mens, or taking them from the c;ises, for the purpose of study, must
apply to the Curat(U"s who liave them in charge.

Section 8. The museum of the Society shall be open to the gratu-
itous admission of the public at such times and on such occasions as
the Council may specially direct.

60

BY-LAWS.

Skctiox 9. Every donation to the musenm shall be referved to the
standing connnittee of the department in which it may lie elassed ^
in ca.se of doubt on this point, or when from other causes s\ich refer-
ences cannot be made, such donation shall be referred to a sjiecial com-
mittee, whose duty it sliall be to report thereon at the next regular
meeting of the Society.

ClJAP'i'KH VI.

PUBLICATIONS.

SkctioN 1. All papers read before the Society sh;ill first be referred
to the Committee upon the department to which tliey i-cfcr, or to such
special Committee as the case may require; and if deemed to l)c of
sullicicnt importance, shall be ])lnccd in tlie hands of the Conimittee
(»f l'ul)lications.

Section- 2. The Committee of Publications shall receive all such
papers as have been pronounced worthy of iJuI)lication by the several
Staniling or S])ccial Committees; and shall, if exj)edient, cause them
to l)e pul)lishcd as i-arly as possible, in the form prescribed in Section
3 of this Chapter, and shall folhtw in i)ul)lication as far as jiossible thti
order in which they have been received.

Section 3. All publications of the Society shall be issued in ))am-
l)hlet form, of uniform size, entitled "Transactions of the Orleans
County Society of Natural Sciences."

Section 4. The ]jroof sheets of all papei-s accepted by the Com-
mittee for publication shall be submitted to the author, if requested,
for correction.

Section 5. Every author shall be entitled to an extra copy of the
number or numbers in which his papers appear, and on timely appli-
cation to the Committee, he shall he entitled to twenty extra copies
of )iis paper at the Society's expense.

Section 6. The Society shall be responsible for the cost of all its
publications.

Section 7. The Chairman of this Committee shall take charge of
all papers repented for publication ; keep an account of the number
of publications printed, of the number presented, and t(j whom pre-
sented, and of those sold, and on hand ; he shall also keep a correct
account of the money transactions of the Committee, receive all mon-
eys arising from the sale of the publications, pay all bills for the publi-
cations from such receipts, if sulficient, and deposit any surplus pro-
ceeds with the Treasurer.

BY-LAWS. 61

Section 8. The Publication Committee shall be anthoi'ized to ex-
cliange the publications for any work which they may deem of suffi-
cient value.

Section 9. Xo copy of the publications shall be presented to any
individual or society, except by tlie special resolution of this Society.

Section 10. All communications read before the Society, intended
for j)ublication, become the ))roj)erty of the Society, and shall be de-
posited in the archives after pnlflicatioii : a copy, however, of any such
j)ap('r maybe taken by the author: l>ut all written communications,
whicli shall not be deemed lit for pul)li(ation, may be returned to their
autliors if duly rt-quested.

CHAPTER YII.

assessments.

Section 1. Every Acting and Associate member elect shall pay to
the Treasurer an admission fee of two dollars.

Section 2. Every Acting member of this Society shall pay an an-
nual assessment of one dollar: and any member Avho shall neglect to
pay the Treasurer of the Society any such assessment for the spac(^ of
six nionths from the time he is notified that the same is due, shall by
a vote to that effect at any regular meeting of the Society, be deprived
of all rights and privileges of membership.

Se( tion 3. Any member who shall jjay into the Treasury at any
one time the sum of Twenty dollars, shall be exempt from annual as-
sessment.

Se(!TIon 4. The Society may, as a mark of distinction, exempt any
member elect from his assessments, or may do so as aii equivalent for
any donation of sufficient value, provided i)ropositions for these pur-
poses lie made at any regular meeting, and a vote of three-fourths
majority he obtained.

Section 5. Every member wlio shall be absent from the County
for one or more; years may be exonerated from the payment of his dues
accruing during his absence.

Section fi. All Acting nunubers removing permanently from the
County shall become Associ.ite members.

62 BY-LAWS.

CHAPTER \ III.

■MKKTIX<;S.

Section 1. I'lic amiu.il nici'ting of the Society for the election of
officers and reports of coiiiinittees, sh;i 11 he holden on the second Tues-
day of September, at 10 o'clock A. M., :it tiie H:ill of tlie Society.

Skctiox '2. Ileguliir meetings of the Society shall he holden on the
second Tuesday of Novcuiher. -January, .March, May, July and Sej)-
tember at one o'clock P. M., for scientific and business purposes, and
at such places as the Society may determine upon at each preceiling
meeting, excepting the meeting in Se])tenil)er. which shall l)e holden
at t!ie Hall of the .Society. In ease tiie .'society fail to delei-nnne the
place of holding n^gular meetings, they shall he holden .it llie Society's
Hall uide.ss otherwise ordered hy the Council.

Section 3. Special meetings of the Society ujay be convened hy
resolution of the Society, or by public notices from th(.' Presitlent, or in
his absence the fn-st Vice President, or in his absence tlu^ second Vice
Presitlent, or at the reqnesi of five nu'inhers.

Section -1. .\t all meetings of the .Society ti\c uieinhers. and of the
Council three uiemhers. >hall con>tit;!'te a quorum.

Section 5. Mendiers will be ex|)ected to communicate at the meet-
ings of the Society, such interesting information as may coiik! into
their possession respecting XatiUMl History in general, and particularly
any new facts I'espocting our own County

Se( TioN 6. Written communications on subjects coimecled with
Natural History may be made bymend)ers: the subjects and time of
reading shall be chos(Mi by themselves; but after the same have been
read, the o])inions and facts therein contained shall be oj)ened for dis-
cussion.

Section 7. The onler of proceedings at regular meetings shall be:

1. .Minutes of the last meeting shall be read.

2. \Vritten c(»nununications.

3. Verbal comnumications.

4. Donations announced.

5. Business called up by special resolution.

6. Rough minutes read.

7. Deferred business.

8. Xew business.

9. Adjournment.

Section 8. The ordei- of jiroceedings at the annual meeting shall
be:

1. Minutes of the last amiual )neeting shall be read.

2. Election of officers.

BY-LAWS. 60

3. Reports of Committees.

4. Scc'i'etary's report.

5. Auditor's repoi't.

6. Ru.siness.

7. Adjoiirnmeiit.

SErTK)N 9. At the opening oCtlie session in the afternoon of the an-
nual meeting, the otficers eleetetl for llie ensuing year sliall enter upon
their new duties.

Sk.ctiox 10. All nifctings must In- nntici'd, cither by sending writ-
trn or printe(| notices to each uicudicr. oi- having them published in
oni' or more of the ( 'ounty ])api'rs oiic \vcc}< at least previous to the
meeting.

(IIAPTEK IX.

AMSCKI.I.ANEors.

Section i. in all sucii j) )ints c^f order as are lu^t noticed in these
By-law.s, the Society is to j)e governed by the established usages of sim-

il.-ir institutions.

Section 2. These By-laws shall not be altered. ;imended or i-epeal-
ed, unless by a vote of two-th'rds of tiie members present at any regu-
lar meeting, such alterations or amendments having lieen presented
in writing at a previous regular meeting.

Section 3. No one or more o!' the Hy-laws of the Society shall he
stispended.

Section 4. When any donation in money shall be nia'le to the So-
ciety, the donor may designate liie special oliject to wiiich tiie same
shall be appropriated, and the terms of its expenditure : and if accepted,
tiie .Society shall comply with the t<n'ms and conilitions of such dona-
tion.

Section .5. Tiie oilieers oi' this Society shall remain in olhce until
others are chosen, in case there should be a failure of an election.

OFFICERS.

COUSCIL.

GEO. A. IILNMAN, M. 1)., J'kksidknt.
Rkv. H. a. SPENCKR, Fikst Vk k Puksioknt.
E. P. COLTON, Esq.. Skconp Vice Pkksident.
J. M. CCKKIER, M. D., Secuktary.

D. M. CAMP, 2d, Treasurer.
GEO. IIENPtY BLISS, Auditor.
Hon. E. a. STEWART, ) r.^^^.^^.^^
M. H. FULLER, A. 13., \ ^^i^^^^^^^-
M. H. FULLER, A. B., Librarian.

MkMM ^

k'y?

9

Vol. I.

JANUARY, 1871

No. II.

NOTES

ON THE

FLORA or VERMONT.

By GEO. H. PERKINS, Ph. D.,

Professok op Zoology, Botany and Geology, in the Univer-
sity OF Vermont.

The fields, meadows and groves of Vermont afford a
flora of very great richness and beauty, interesting to
every one that loves flowers and plants, but especially so
to the scientific botanist who not only admires the outward
form and beauty of a plant, l)ut derives a deeper joy from
an investigation of its mode of growth, structure and econ-
omy.

66 ON THK FLORA OF VERMONT.

In the cold bogs and shaded ravines and hillsides of
the northern portion of the state wo find (.'anadian and
other northern plants quite abundantly mingled with the
more southern vegetation, and all over the state there are
many I'ogions where this union of the two floras occurs to a
greater or less extent. B(>sides this, on the sunnnifs of
Mansfield and other of onr highest mountains, Alpine plants
are found, with small and rough looking forms indeed, but
bearing delicate flowers, and in contrast with the barren-
ness about them, a[)pearing more delightful than many
luxuriant forms that grow in more fiivored localities.

The state produces many valuable trees and it is a dis-
agreable fact that in many parts of the state their value is
appreciated only so far as it is represented by the dollars
and cents paid at the saw-mill. Should the present ruth-
less destruction of our forests continue, the time will come
when the (rreen Momitains will be liut bleak and ban-en
elevations, hurling landslides and torrents upon the prop-
erty of those beneath them. This is not the place to treat
of this subject, but it is difficult to pass it without a word
of remonstrance against the present thoughtlesfj cutting
away of trees.

(rrowing high on the mountain sides, with scarcely any
soil l)ut rock, we have the Pines, P'irs, Spruces and others
of the Conifertv. These also flourish on sandy plains and
other barren regions where scarcely any other tree or plant
can live at all. There are a dozen species of this family in
the state, all of them valuable for timber and many for or-
namental purposes, while they render no small service in
holding in place the loose soil in which they so often grow,
and so prevent it from falling down steep descents in
landslides, or from being washed away by rains and fresh-
ets and spread over cultivated fields.

Bordering the banks of the larger streams we find the
Silver ^Nlaple (Acer dasycarpum) , lied Maple (A. riihrum),
smooth-barked. Ash-leaved ]Maple {jSFegundo aceroides),
the curious corky Elm ( Ulmns racemosa), with its branches
winjred with broad, thin rido-es of fine, brittle cork, caused

ON THE FLORA OF VEKMONT. 67

by a great development of the cork layer of the bark ;
the American Elm ( U. americana) , with its rounded top
and long sweeping branches, one of our noblest trees ; the
Hornbeam ( Caqnmis americana) , the Buttonwood or Syca-
more {Platanus occidentaUs) , and the many kinds of Wil-
lows and Poplar. These trees make up the greater part
of the vegetation that forms billowy lines of green along
the rivers or scattered over moist meadows. The under-
brush along the streams consists of the smaller Willows,
Alders, Witch Hazels, Hawthorns, Juneberry, Dogwood
and many shrubs and small trees. ISIany of these are
never, or very rarely, cultivated, and yet some of these
neglected ones would most richly repay care bestowed
upon them, for they are beautiful both in leaf and flower.

On somewhat dryer soil grow the trees that form our
rich woods, especially upon the lower hillsides. Among
these the most common are the Sugar Maple {Acer sac-
charimim) , which is one of the largest of all ; the Beech,
the various Oaks and the difl'erent species of Ash and Birch,
with a sprinkling of Hickory, Pignut, Basswood, and
bordered with Butternut, Red Mulberry, Sassafras and oth-
ers less common.

In the swamps the Larch or Hackmatack {Larix america-
na) is usually most abundant, Ijut with it the Hemlock,
Spruce and Balsam Fir are usually seen. The White or
Paper Birch {Betula papyracea), with one or two varieties
grows in all kinds of soil and situations, though some are
better suited to it than others. It is found occasionally
among the swamp trees and in the hill forest, and even
covers wide patches on the mountain sides, growing in
friendly nearness to the coniferous pines and spruces, and
sending now and then a straggler to the very top of some
of the highest summits.

The species of small shrubs and herljs are very numer-
ous. From .the latter j^art of April when the southern
slopes are fragrant with the exquisite clusters of the Trail-
ing Arbutus or May Flower (Epigoia repenn), till late sum-
mer all the fields and woods ai'e profusely adorned with

68 ON THE FLORA OF VERMONT.

tlowers of varied form and color, but all mo^st beautiful.
In June the large, snowy 'rrillium may be found covering
moist, shady banks with its superb wax-like flowers, and
often with this, though usually in dryer situations, grows
the painted Trillium and the large purple Trillium, with a
fourth species bearing smaller, nodding, white Howers.
These are the most showy of all our early flowers, and
well deserve a place in the finest garden. The first named
and finest of these is found in no other of the New England
states. Passing many interesting families of plants well
represented in the state, we will notice only a few of the
most impoitant and larger ones. The moisture-loving
Ranunculacea> are abundant all over the state, and some of
the rarest species are found here. One of these, the very
rare Atragene, grows over rocky hillsides shaded l)y larger
growths, and in ^lay bears its large, drooping flowers on
their slender peduncles. Blossoming later and very much
more common, we have the white-flowered Clematis ( 6'.
virrfiniana). I^ate iu the fall this may be seen twining
about the branches of alders and other shrubs by the sides
of almost every stream and waving its plumed seed-vessels
in every breeze. Both of these vines are easily cultivated,
(^uite a numl)er of species of Anemone arc found in the
state; most of them grow in rocky, dry soil and blossom
all summer. The Cowslips are very abundant in some
meadows and carpet them with golden yellow, while the
Buttercups are as plenty in pastures and along roadsides.
The pretty and delicate flowers of the Dielytra family
(^FunmriacecB) grow in many of our woods and rocky fields.
In early spring the Dicentras or squirrel corn, as they are
sometimes called, spring up in' open woods and very soon
produce beautiful wands of flowers, while in mid-summer
the golden j'ellow and the flesh-colored Corydalis, half
su^jported by some friendly rock, lift their faces to the
sun tmd still later and more rare than all is the elegant
Adlumia, twining gracefully over the rocky sides of some
ravine and bearing long, pendant clusters of rose-white
flowers — the most beautiful of all our fall vegetation.

ON THE FLORA OF VERMONT. 69

There are many of the Violets, some of which blossom
very early, others later and others during all the season.
At almost any time, from early spring until the snow
comes, one may find either a white, yellow or purple
flower of this family. The gi'eat rose family has numer-
ous representatives among us. We have different kinds of
Blackberry, Raspl jerry. Hawthorn, Wild Rose and Cherry,
as well as hosts of smaller species. Another largely rep-
resented family is that to which the Heath belongs, the
Ericaceae. Some, as the Kalmias, the mountain and sheep
Laurel, the Blueberries and others, grow in dry soil, on
rocky hills and in open fields ; others, as Cassandra, Andro-
meda, Labrador Tea and many species of Blueberry, Huck-
leberry and Snowl^erry, delight in swampy ground, and
the Pyrolas and Indian pipe or Monotropa in moist woods,
while yet others, as the Wintergreen, grow almost any-
where. A few species of this group are found, so far as
this state is concerned at least, only on or near the tops of
our higher moimtains, as the bog Billjerry and two or
three, others like it. The Bean family (Legummof^ce),
Mint family {Lahiatoi) and Figwort family (^Scrojihularia-
cece) are each represented by about thirty species, while
the Cresses (^Cniciferoi) and Knot-Grasses (^Pol ygonacece,)
have nearly as many. After the first of August the mem-
bers of the Sunflower family (Comjjositce), which before
are not very numerous in species, though some, as the
Dandelion and Daisy are very abundant in indi\'iduals, now
come in full force to take possession of the fields and
roadsides, and everywhere hosts of Asters, Goldenrods,
Thistles and others wave their many-flowered heads in
deflance of all attempts to destroy them. There are over
a hundred species of this family in the state, and many of
them are known as most troublesome weeds, as they are
not easily killed, spread very rapidly and grow luxuriantly.

A family which perhaps embraces more grotesque and
strange forms of flowers than any other is called Orchida-
ceae. This, which besides being a singular group, is a
most beautiful one, is found, in some of its species all

7U ON THE FLORA OF VERMONT.

over the state, and we find some very rare forms. Most
of these plants grow in damp woods or in swamps. lu
the latter place, quite early in the summer, we find the
large, purj)le Orchis or Lady's Slipper( Cyj^rippduim acaule)
lifting its large, sac-like flowers under some bush or small
evergreen. Later, in the hillside woods, we find the yel-
low Lady's Slipper ( C. puhescens) , and in the swamps the
largest and most elegant of all the group, the purple and
white Lady's Slipper (C ^qjecfabile) . Then in the woods
we have the variegated Orchis and some of the green Or-
chids, and now and then the small Twayblade and some
other simple forms. On the Ijorders of moist places and
fields we have diflerent species of purple and white Plat-
antheras, while in the swamps the exquisite and rare
Arethusa grows attended by Calopogons and Pogonias.
These and others of varied and delicate hues and some
with fine perfume number about forty different species.

Over seventy species of the Sedges ( Ci/peracece) may be
collected along streams and ditches and in fields and
meadoAvs and even on mountain tops, and nearly eighty
species of the Grasses ( Graminece) are scattered over the
state.

Of the Lily family (Liliaceoi) there arc quite a number
of species, most of them growing in moist ground.

In the flowerless or Cryptogamous plants Vermont is
peculiarly rich. Along the mountain rivulet, bathed
constantly in the spray of little cascades, in damp, cool
woods, fringing the edges and festooning the faces of
limestone cliffs, we have the feathery Ferns {Filices) and
soft, green Mosses (Miisci). About four-fifths of all the
ferns belonging to the flora of the Xorthern United States
may be found about Burlington. Although most of these
delicate plants grow in moist, dark places, some prefer the
open sunshine and the dry rock. The mosses are more
independent of climate and station than the higher and
more complicated vegetation. Most of the more delicate
species grow where they can have plenty of moisture, but
a great many love the dry and open fields, some flourish

GEOLOGY AND MINEKALOGY. 71

best on the bark of trees, others on the bare rock. In all
sorts of places, in summer and winter, in sunshine or un-
der snow, these little plants may be found living- and
growing. There are at least two or three hundred differ-
ent kinds of mosses and closely allied plants in the state.
Of the higher flowering plants, over a thousand species
have been collected within the limits of Vermont. Over
fifty of these are large forest trees, and about fifty more
are small trees or large shrubs. In such an article as this
each group can be treated only in the briefest manner, and
so can hardly be as interesting as if it could be more fully
described.

GEOLOGY AND MliNERALOGY

OF

ORLEANS COUXTY.

By Rev. S. R. HALL, LL. D., of Bkownington, Vt.,

HONORARY ME5IBER OF THE ORLEANS COUNTY SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES.

This portion of Vermont contains a great variety of
rocks which, though not of so great value commercial!}^
as those found in some other sections, are of equal sci-
entific interest. Few, if any, of the rocks of Orleans
County have failed of being metamorphosed. They are
doubtless rocks of the Devonian and Silurian periods.
Most of them are non-fossiliferous in their present state,
but there is no reason to question, that fossils did once

72 GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY.

exist in some of them, perhaps most of them. Dr.
Hitchcock says [Geol. Eeport, Vol. I, p. 33] : "We think
we have Vermont granite and mica schist resting on fossil-
iferous limestone." In another place he says: ''Jnst
over the line of Vermont, near Jennings' Hotel upon the
west bank of Memphremagog Lake, fossiliferons limestone
is better developed than in A'ermont, where also the only
shells we have seen have been fonnd. The same belt of
limestone runs into Vermont and may be seen in Newport,
Coventry, Irasburgh, Albany, Crafts])ury and Wolcott."
The latter town is in Lamoille County; the others in Or-
leans. The upper Heiderberg limestone has clay slate on
both sides of it, and coarse conglomerate near it." The
rocks dip Avest, and this body of limestone is seen to
plunge under the great range of talcose schist. Such
strata, both in Canada and New England, usually dip east.
On this account the position of the Memphremagog lime-
stone is extremely interesting, for upon its age depends
the age of the talcose schist."

The rocks in the western border of the county is Green
IMountain gneiss, mica schist, talcose and chlorite schists,
reaching easterly till they meet the range of limestone
before described. There is in some parts of the. Missis-
(pioi Valley a narrow belt of clay schist and ranges of ser-
pentine and steatite. The serpentine is largely develo})ed
on both sides of the Missisquoi Kiver, in Westfieid
and Lowell, constituting quite a high hill, and seems to lie
in a trough of steatite, the latter being generally found on
both sides. A range or bed of granite which has been sub-
jected to metamorphic influence, lying just Ave^t of the
ramre of conjj^lomerate rock, extends along the border of
the talcose schist, also a stratum of uovaculite reaching to the
north-western part of Irasl)urgh. The range orbed of gi*an-
ite is very hard and seems as if it might have been nearly
fused. It differs from any other granite found in the
county if not in the state. The conglomerate seems to
contain water worn pebbles and angular fragments of
difl'erent rocks ; and sometimes, as at Irasburgh, boulders

GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY. 73

of considerable size appeur in clay schist. The conglom-
erate is seen by the side of the old road leading from the
Coventry and Troy road toward Newport, some half a
mile easterly, where both water worn and angular frag-
ments are mixed together. The cut 269, vol. I. of Vt.
Geological Report, page 449, exhibits the strata for some
distance on both sides of the conglomerate. Some of the
serpentine in the Missisquoi Valley, as at South Troy and
Westfield, seems not, in some instances, to have been per-
fectly formed. At other places it is as perfect and beauti-
ful as any beds found elsewhere in the state. Most of the
steatite contains fragments of quartz, which injure its value
so that it has not l)een quarried for useful purposes, at
least, to any considerable extent.

The rocks in the central and eastern part of the count}'
are upper Helderberg limestone, hornblende schist,
sienite, granite and gneiss. In larg^ sections, the first
three are singularly interstratified, with frequent veins of
cjuartz. In many places the strata change every few inch-
es from lime to clay schist and hornblende. The lime-
stone is predominant, and is often io filled with iron pyri-
tes, that it is very rapidly losing its cohesiveness, and is
converted into soil. This is equally true of some of the
clay schists. Both the clay and hornblende schists contain
several portions of lime and aid in forming new soil, as
both in places rapidly disintegrate. It is doubtless this fact,
as Dr. Hitchcock informs, that gives the soil of the coun-
ty its excellent "agricultural capabilities. Those parts of
the state, " the most fertile, are just the places, where lime
is most abundant and decomposable." This is a treasure
which Providence has hidden in the earth and provided for
its elimination at the right time, and quantity, and it is of
far more value, in my estimation, than all the other subter-
ranean Avealth of the state, yet I had no suspicion of its
existence, till at a late stage of the survey, excepting on the
west side- of the Green Mountains." The reason for the
last remark was, that he did not visit this county, till the
latter part of the time he was in the field, w^hen the writer

74 GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY.

called his attention to the rapid decomposition of limestone
and clay schists of Caledonia and Orleans connties.

Within the calcareous and mica slate region, (so named
by Prof. Adams,) there is an upheaval, or range of gran-
ite, of a very peculiar character. It is first seen on the
east side of Lake ]Memphremagog in Stanstcad, P. Q. and
from thence may be traced through Derby, Salem, Brown-
ington, Irasburgh, Albany and Craftsbury, and probal)ly
extends to Xorthlield in Washington County. In this
ransre are some curious forms differiliu: from most of the
irranite in the state. There is the tabular or jointed vari-
ety of granite of great beauty. All granite is jointed more
or less, but the divisional phmes are usually quite irregu-
lar, yet, in the variety under consideration, those planes
are essentially parallel. The result is, that the mass is di-
vided into tables often of large dimensions, but sometimes
there are three sets of joints, and the blocks have a rhom-
boidal form. When the tables are thick, there is only
one set of seams, and long columns can easily be got out."
A magnificent development of these, may be seen at the
south-west corner of Irasburgh where colunms eighty feet
long and three or four feet thick might easily be procured.
" The tabular variety of granite is very common in the de-
posits of this rock, south of Lake jMemphremagog in Cov-
entry" and Brovvnington. The quantity in Irasburg would
suffice to build a city, but has as yet, never been quarried.
At some future period it will be regarded of immense val-
ue. It is within a mile of Black Kiver.

Another variety of granite is called by Dr. Hitchcock,
"concretionary." The basis of this remarkal)le variety, is
rather fine grained, Avhite and highly feldspathic. Tli(>.
mica however, is usually dark, and when it exists in large
quantity it gives rocks the aspect of syenite, but there is
no hornblende present. Scattered through this base, oc-
cur numerous spherical or elongated and somewhat flat-
tened nodules of black mica from half an inch to two inches
in diameter, and when elongated, the larger axis is some-
times seen as much as four or five inches long. They are

GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY. 75

usually flattened more or less, and have a shrivelled ap-
pearance like dried fruit. They sometimes become so
thin as to consist of only a few plates of mica." A good
representation of this is given in the Geol. Rep., Vol. II,
p. 563. It is no wonder that the early settlers called these
nodules "petrified butternuts."

When the writer first examined this curious variety, fifty
years ago he gave it the name "nodular granite," and still
prefers that name, notwithstanding Dr. Hitchcock has given
the name "concretionary granite." He has sent specimens
of it to Europe and various other places, and has received
from various geologists acknowledgement accompanied by
the remark, "your nodular granite is a great curiosity.
We have never seen any thing like it." A German geolo-
gist, in his reply, said, "I have heard of something like it,
in the north-eastern part of Germany." In the western
part of Stanstead, is a small development of nodular gran-
ite, a few nodules are seen in Browningtou in a ledge
there, but it is seen in Craftsbury in a most magnificent
development, and again in the western part of Northfield,
where it is lost under the talcose schists.

The most beautiful forms of this singular rock, have been
removed from the top of the mass in Craftsbury, by the
Drift or some other agency, and moved southerly for a
long distance. The specimens from which the cut in the
Geol. Rep., p. 232, was made, the writer procured from a
large boulder iu the south-eastern part of Waterford.
Another boulder nearly as beautiful lies in a stone wall in
Lyndon, and another between Hazen Wood and East Hard-
wick Village. A boulder weighing fifty tons or more, of
the same variety has been split for imderpinning, at Rye-
gate. Another, larger, is still lying by the side of the
road a mile, perhaps south of Judge Bells's in Walden.
Talcose granite (Protogine) is found in this range at Crafts-
bury, which would, no doubt, make a valuable lining for
furnaces. " It occurs in several other places.

The granite in other parts of the county was, doubtless,
formed at different times and is not of the same age.

76 GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY.

Some of it is highly fcldspathic, and in other phices mica-
ceous. The Adamsite, so named by Prof. Shepherd, was
by Dr. Hitchcock, at first, thought to be gigantolite. It
appears like lilack granite in places, but is a new mineral.

The granite, on each side of Willoughby Lake, differs
materially. On the east side it is filled Avith veins or
seams of great 1)eauty, and which often cut each other.
"In the veins, in one boulder, we can trace six periods and
including the granite have itself, seven periods of formation,
or, as most would say, of injection". (See Geol. Kep. Vol,
II, p. 571. Quite a cabinet may be easily collected of
dillerent varieties of the granite of the county, and no two
similar. "It is, doubtless a metamoi-phic rock." It is,
perha[)s, not to be wondered at, that Dr. Hitchcock says,
"the rocks of Vermont are the most difficult, with which
I have ever attempted to grapi)le."

Besides the stratified rocks and granite, there are sev-
eral triq) dykes of considerable interest, which differ
from others found in the state. This is found in Brown-
ington, half a mile north of the Congregational Church
near Dea. Buxton's. It may l)e called calcareous, feld-
spalhic trap. In parts of it, there are im})erfectly formed
pentagonal folds or concretions. An immense dyke is
found in Albany, near the Lowell road, on land of Mr.
Hayden. Several are found in Craftsbury, one of these is
near the house of Mr. Person, half a mile south of the
Connnon. This is very interesting. It may be traced a great
distance. Several others are on land formerly occupied
by Mr. Wm. Scott.

Talcose and chlorite schists, serpentine aud soapstone,
Avith a narrow range of clay-schist and novaculite, consti-
tute most of the rocks in the western parts of the county ;
silicious limestone, clay and hornblende schists, the cen-
tral portion ; and granite, syenite and gneiss, the eastern
part.

Gold is found in several towns, in the talcose slate reg-
ion, but only in limited quantities. Gold hunting will
never be profitable. Silver has been found only in con-

GEOLOGY AND MINEBALOGY. 77

nectioii with galena, and in minute portions. Copper, in
very small quantities, has been found in one or two places.
But from the fact, that it is found in strata in Canada,
which extend into the county, and also in Wolcott, south
west of it, we may perhaps expect to find it here, when
more thorough examination has been made. Lead occurs
only in Newport, and there in small quantities only. The
titaniferous iron ore of Troy, and the chromic iron ore of
Jay, Troy and Westfield, are the only ones of iron, of val-
ue. Troy ore bed is of great value, but so difficult to
smelt, that it is not now worked. The furnace built many
years ago, has become the property of a non-resident, who
is not disposed to manufacture iron, nor to sell the proper-
ty to others at the present worth. While the ore is really
of the most valuable kind, it is hardly probable, the coun-
ty will derive much benefit from it.

The chrome ore of Jay has changed owners several times,
but has never been wrought to any considerable extent.
The quality of the ore is good."^ No examination has been
made to acertain the quantity. The ore lies in the serpen-
tine rock, and may exist in either large or small quantity.
The larger vein of this one, on ]Mr. Miller's farm in
Westfield has not l)een opened to any extent. Its value
is at present unknown. The variety usually occurs in
wedge shaped masses, and not in continuous veins. Its
value can be estimated only by extensive mining.

Emerald nickel has been discovered at South Tro}', but
of its amount or value the writer is ignorant. Nickel has
been discovered at Westmore. Its amount or value is
equally unknown.

No minerals of sfreat value have been discovered. Ahead
of emery, existing at Westmore is now being used with
Turkish emery in the manufacture of emery wheels, at
West Charleston. Of the extensive beds of asbestos
found in Lowell, large quantities have been shipped, it is
said, for the manufacture of incombustible paper. It is
now believed that it will prove of great value. Much of
the serpentine of that, and other towns is veiy beautiful, and

78 CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS.

will doubtless, at some future time be highly valued. No
other miuerals or metals of commercial im])orlaiicc, have
been discovered, except the uovaculite. The ledge of this
iStone, at Newport, formerly worked for hones, gave
great satisfoction. It, no doubt, is valuable. Another
ledge in Irasburg is, doubtless, of equal if not of gi-eater
value, luit has never been worked.

-♦-♦-^

CATALOGUE

OF

CUnTTOGAMOUS OK FLOA^ EKLESS PLANTS

OF VERMONT.

By CHAS. C. FKOST, Erattleboro, Vt.

The enumeration of these plants, is not intended to be a complete
Catalogue of Vermont Ciyptogamia, but merely of such as I have ob-
served in my visits to various parts of the state during the last fifteen
years. I am not aware that anything of this kind has yet been pub-
lished in the State ; and I submit this, therefore, as the beginning of a
more complete Catalogue which 1 am in hopes may be extended by
other l)otanists. It is a work which I think would amply repay them
for their labors, since there are probably few States that present, in
proportion to their areas, a greater number of richer varieties of this
series of plants. I possess well authenticated specimens of all men-
tioned, except a few which were destroyed in a late catasti-ophe.

CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS. 79

EQUISET ACEtE . Hoksetails .

Equisetum arvense, L.

]\Ioist li(!lds &(•■.

E. svlvaticum. U

Moist woods and shady plaoes.

E. limosum. Ta

In shallow waters.

E. hyemale. U

AVet banks.

E. variegatum, Schleicher.

Shores or river banks. Burlinffton and Bellows Falls.

E. scirpoides, Michx.

Moist woods and banks.

FILICES. Ferns.

Polypodium vulgare. I- (Polypod.)
On rocks &c. in woods.

Adiantum pedatum- U (Maidenhair.}
Moist woods.

Pteris aquiiina, L. (Brake.)

Thickets, di-y fields and woods.

Pellaea gracilis. Hook. (Cliff brake.)

On rocks overhanging the "Devil's den," Bnrlington.

P, atropurpurea, Link.

Limestone cliffs, Bnrlington, and on "Willoughby Mt.

Woodwardia Virginicum, Smith.
Wet swamps.

Asplenium Trichomanes, L, (Spleenwort.)
Steep rocky ledges.

A. ebeneum, Ait. <

Rocky open woods.

A. Ruta-miiraria, L. -

Limestone cliffs near "High Bridge," Burlington.

A. angustifolium, Michx.
Wet places in woods.

A. Thelypteroides, Michx.

Rich woods.

A. Filix-foemina, Bernh.

Moist woods.
Camptosonis rhizophyllus, T^'mk. (Walkiny leaf.)

Shaded calcareous rocks, Burlington.

80 CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS.

Phegopteris ploypodioides, Fee.

Dump woods and shady banks.

P. hexagonoptera, Fee.
Ojicn Avooils.

P. Dryopteris, Fee.
Rocky woods.

Aspidium Thelypteris. Swartz. (Shield fern.)

Mar.slies.

A- Noveboracense, Swavtz.

^loist woods.

A. spinulosum, Swartz.

vars. intermedium, dilatatum •iiid Bootii.
Woods and swamps.

A- cristatum, Swaitz.
var. Clintonianum.
Swamps &c.

A. Goldianum, Hook.
Kirh woods.

A- marginale, Swartz.

liotky hillsides in woods.

A. acrostichoides, Swartz.
var. incisium.

Rocky woods &c.

A. aculeatum.

var.Braunii, Koeh.
Woods about the "Notch" at the bas« of Mansfifdd Mt. Ply-
mouth.

Cystopteris bulbifera, Bemh. (Bladder fern.)
ShadtMl ravines.

C. fragilis, Bcrnh.
Shaded rocks.

Struthiopteris Germanica. Willd. (Ostrich fern.)
Low gvountls.

Onoclea sensibilis, I- (Sensitive fern. J
!Moist or wet places.

Woodsia obtusa, Toit.
Rocky banks, &c.

W. Ilvensis, R. Brown.
On exposed rocks.

W. glabella, R- Brown.

Rocks, Willoughby Mt.

Dicksonia punctilobula, Kunze.

Moist and shady jilaces.

Osmunda regalis, I^-

Swamps and wet woods.

DUST STORM. 81

0. Claytoniana, T^-

Low gi'ounds.

0. cinnamomea, L.
Swamps, &c.

Botrychium ternatum, Eaton. (Moonwnrt.)
vars. Lunaroides, obliquum, ami dissectum.
Dry I'icli woods.

B. Virginicum, Swartz.

Rich woods.

Ophioglossum vulgatum, L. (Adder tonrjue.)
Bogs and meadows.

« ♦ «

DUST STOEM IN VERMONT.

FEB. 12, 1«7().

BY, HIRAM A. CUTTING, A. M., M. D.
Read before The Dartmouth Microscope Club, Oct. 26, 1870.

The evening of Feb. 11,1870, closed in cloud}' with a
breeze from the north east, barometer falling, and every-
thing appearing to indicate a storm. It was unnsually cold
for cloudy weather yet the clouds seemed dark and heavy.
At about eleven the wind was fairly in the east and blew
strongly during the night. About five o'clock on the
morning of the 12th, it commenced snowing and the wind

6

82 DUST STORM.

immediately changed to the south and in u short time to
the south west, the snow still falling. \\'hen it beeanu^ light
the snow seemed brown, and upon examination was found
to contain dust or ashes giving it the peculiar brown color.
It continued in this way until about eight o'clock during
which time about three inches fell ; when the snow ceased,
the wind changed to the west and the clouds became bro-
ken with squalls of clear snow until 6 p. m. when the wind
was north-west, the sky cloudless and the cold rapidly in-
creasing. At 10 r. M. the thermometer was at 14°, the
same as it was at that time the day l)ctore. The highest
temperature reached was about 10 a. m. when it was real-
ly thawing with the thermometer at 37°.

I am fully aware that dust storms in many sections are
of common occurrance, but not so in this vicinity. They
are frecjuently the result of burning forests as there is then
carried up in the smoke a large amount of dust from the
consuming vegetation, and I am aware that in the Ignited
States at least nine-tenths of all dust storms are attribut-
al)le to this cause. In all instances however where exami-
nation has been made such dust would reveal under the mi-
croscope the existance of vegetable ashes and minute Avoody
fibre. 1 am informed by Prof. 8. F. liaird, Assistant
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution that repeatedly
samples of such dust from snow have been sent to them
and in almost every instance the microscope would show
in it the result of burning forests or vegetation.

Durins the summer of 1868 when immense fires were
raging in the forests of Washington Territory the whole
Pacitic coast was clouded in smoke and such dust storms
as before referred to were frequent over a large extent of
territory. In these showers the microscope invaria])ly
showed vegetable fibre and left no doubt of their origin.
Xear large tracts of arid desert, like Sahara in Africa, dust
storms are frequent, and of course are the fine particles of
sand taken up by the wind and the finer portions are fre-
quently borne to great distances. Such showers are fre-
quently observed on the west coast of Africa sometimes

DUST STORM. 83

fallino^ on the decks of ships many miles off the coast. A
late shower in the south of France, which was very exten-
sive, the microscope shows was from this cause. Dust
showers of volcanic ashes are also frequently met with in
volcanic countries, even hundreds of miles from volcanoes.
Such a shower occurred at Guayaquil in July, 18G9, which
Avas referred to the volcano of Pichunha, which rises im-
mediately above the plain of Quito. Other dust showers
are meteoric, frequently depositing a fine dark brown or
black dust in considerable quantities as in Canada, July 4,
1814, and at Montreal, Nov. 14, 1819.

Red dust has also been deposited in like manner in snfii-
cient quantities for analysis, and is found like the dark
colored to contain a similar composition to meteoric stones.
Again there are sometimes microscopic animalcules, or
microscopic plants, but few of these are however on record.
Under some circumstances we have a comlii nation of ma-
terials as they frequently do in Prussia. In that country
on bright June daj^s there suddenly arises from the west-
ern horizon a dark gray offensive cloud which gradually
increases until it covers the whole sky and chansfes the
warm air into a cold stormy, and leaden atmosphere de-
positing a diist upon everything ; Avhich is found upon mi-
croscopic examination to be conqjosed of vegetable remains
charred, and minute particles of sand. The cause is that
the marsh lands of Hanover and the adjacent flat countries
are burned every summer in order to obtain a scanty crop
of buckwheat, from the almost barren soil. The windy
gusts caused by so much fire take up particles of sand
which, with the particles of vegetable matter carried up
with the smoke and wind, cause the showers referecl to.

As a general thing all such phenomena can be traced to
their first cause, but in the shower of dust with snow first
spoken of as falling in Vermont, we are at once left in ob-
scurity. For a thousand miles in either direction the
ground was covered with snow. It was in fine, midwinter
and no fires were raging on the continent, or at least I
can get no trace of any. It is thousands of miles from any

84 OnST STORM.

volcano and as we niio:ht judwe brought by the Avind from
the Atlantic as the clouds came from that direction. No
open dust plains are accessible, and yet the dust falls to
the weiirht of three j^rains to the square foot, in C'oncord,
Lunenburi>-h and Guildhall in Essex County, Craftsbury
and Browninuton of Orleans, and in Kirby and lUirke in
Caledonia Counties. In all, over (juite an extensive tract
of territory.

By analysis it contains some silex, is sl«ihtly alkaline
containinsi: traces of sulphur, spores of various atmos-
pheric finigi and a variety of ingredients which the mi-
nute quantity prevented the determination of, and as the
amount on hand was so small I could gain but an ap-
proximate idea of the proportion of ingredients named.
'J'he dust is very tine showing no trace of vegetable origin
neither does it compare with any volcanic dust I could ob-
tain. Upon comparison with meteoric dust from Europe
1 tind a great resemblance though there are some forms in
this I do not tind in that. What analysis I am able to
make proves nothing. If it was meteoric we might ex-
pect to find traces of iron which I could not find, yet it
might contain it, if not magnetic. In analysis of dust
which came from a burning pine forest, according to
"Booth" there was found a large per cent of silex, much
larger than is conimon in ashes, and an alkaline or acid
might be obtained from the atmosphere as well as in rain-
water. ^Meteoric dust as far as known always contains si-
lex and of course dust from sandy locations would be al-
most certain to do so. Volcanic ashes would contain it
also. "We will sum up our ccmclusions as follows : —

It is not sand dust from a beach or desert or other ter-
restrial tract, as the corners do not show any action of wa-
ter but are rounded apparently by heat, and many points
of fracture are sharp and angular. It is not from a burn-
ing forest as there are no traces of vegetable fibre. It
does not seem to be volcanic, as it does not possess the
highly vitreous appearance of the fine dust thrown from
volcanoes, yet it seems to have been subject to great heat

INSECT FAUNA.

85

as the fused corners of some of the particles attest.

It is probably meteoric as it seems more nearly to agree
in shape and appearance with dust known to be such, al-
though close microscopic examination shows a slight dif-
ference from my meteoric samples. If meteoric as it ap-
pears to be, we can of course only trace its origin in fields
of conjecture and wonder that such an amount of matter
could come in contact with our atmosphere without caus-
ino; more disturbance.

The amount which fell upon the territory where I have
traced the fall of it by the testimony of the inhabitants,
must amount to over ninteen thousand tons of matter, yet
it came so silently as to hardly excite surprise, and though
hundreds noticed it, no one but myself saved any of it for
future examination, and / only a limited quantity.

[In the "Popular Science RevieAv," for Jan. 1871, an accoiuit of
a snow storm in Switzerland is given, in which the snow was col-
ored by dnst, which, after chemical and microscopical examintion,
was pronounced by eminent scientific men to be "meteoric," thus
supportini^ the views of the writer. — Eds.~\

INSECT MUNA OF CAMEL'S HUMP.

By PHILIP S. SPRAGUE, Boston, Mass.

I am induced to prepare this list of inseots, the result of a two
days Entomological tour on Camel's Hump, Aug. 11 and 12,^1869,
to encourage and assist others of Vermont in cultivating a taste for
this most fascinating science. You Avho have the time and inclina-
tion will find this subject a continual feast of pleasure, the gi-ound
has been but little ti'odden and you have an open field before you.

86 INSECT FAUNA.

Mountiiinoiis regions are especially attractive to all lovers of na-
ture. There the Entomologist finds a fauna peculiar to the locality.

Oi-aer— COLEOPTERA. (Beetles.)

Earn. — ciciNDELiDTt:.
Cicindcla s«?xguttata, Fab.

CAUAHIl)^:.

*Notiophilns semistriatus, Say.
Dyseliirius globulosus, Putz.
*Calathus impun'ctatus, Lee.
Pl;itynns sinuatus, Lee.
rtorostichus adoxus, Lee.

caudicalis, Xec.

flebilis, Lee.

*ininctatissimus. Rand.

*honestus, Lee.
Aniara arenaria, Lee.
*lJra(lycellus cognatus, Se/iuxUe.
llariinlus viridiaenous, Beauv.
compar, Lee.
pensylvanicus, Lee.
herhi vagus, Say.
*l'atn)l)us' tenuis, Lee.
*Tn'chus micans, Xec.
Bembidium picipes, Kirby.

quadriiiiaculatum, Uyll.

Avingatei, Bland.
Tachys nanus, Schaum.

BKATIIINID^,

*Brathinus nitidus, Lee.

IJVRKIIID.*.

Cytilus varius, Er.

ELATElUDuE.

Cryptohypnus abbi'eviatus, Lee.
*Elater luctuosus, Lee.
*Eanus maculipennis, Xec.
*Sericosomus incongruus, Zee.

LAMPYKID^E.

Calopteron typieum, Xcc.

reticulatum, Fac.
Lucidota atra, Ljac.

* Species found near the summit and of the sub-alpine fauna.

INSECT FAUNA. 87

Photiiuis nigricans, Lao.
Telepliorus soitulus, Lee.
fraxini, Lcc.

TENEBKIONIDyE.

Upis cei'amboides, Fab.
Iphthimus opacus, Lee.
Nyctobates peunsj'lvanica, Xec.
Paratenetus punctaLus, Spin.

ANTHICID^.

Notoxus ancora, Ecntz.

MELANDKYID^.

Dircaea concolor, Lee.

MOKDELLID^.

Anaspis rufa, Hay.
Morilelia scutellaris, Fab.
Mordellistena scapularis, Say.

CEPHALOID^.

Cephaloon lepturides, Newm.

CERAMBYCID^.

*Eiirypterus sanguinicollis, Horn.
Tetrapium cinnaniopterum, Kirby.

CIIKYSOMELIU^.

*Galeruca sagittaviae, Kirby.
Disonycha, — two species.
Haltica exapta, Say.
Luperus meraca, Say.

COCCINELLID^.

*Coccinella tridens, Kiaby.
Hyperaspis clegans, Muls.

bigeminata, Leo.

BOSTKIClIIDuK.

Hylcsinus opaculus, Lac.

Order,— LEPIDOPTERA .

Fam. — KHOPALOCERA.

Pieris rapiB, Sohrank.
Colias philodice, Ood.
Chrysbpliamis americanns, i>' Urun.
*Limenitis arthemis, Boisd. and Lcc.

88 INSECT FAUNA.

*Argynnis atlantis, Edw.
*Gr;ipta comma, Doiibl.

faunus, Edw.
Ik'spcria wamsutta, Ilarr.

IIETKROCERA.

Troc'hiliiini tipuliformo. Litui.
Baptria alhuvittata, Gucn.
*Mclanii)pe gotliicata, Gucn.

Micro-Lepidoptera, — len specncs.

Order— OirniOlTKUA
Five species, undetennined.

Order,— HEMiriEUA.
Thirty species, undetermined.

Order,— IIYMEXOrTEIlA. f

Allantns basillaris. Say.

Ilylotoma ]\lcLeayi, Leach. .

Tiphia inornata, Sriy. '

Urocerus all)icornis, Fabr.

Ichneumon caeruleus. Cress.

comes. Crc.'is.
llalictus, Pompilus, Bracon, Trogus, Ichneumon, sp.

Order,— NEUROFrERA.

Panorpa nafescens, Rambur.

Order,— DIPTERA. X
liittacomorpha clavipes, Fabr.
Sj)il()niyia fusca, Loew.
Lucilia copsar. Linn. ?

Beris, Pangonia, Oncodes, Laphria, Thereva, Sericomyia,
Echinomyia, sp. — Spilomyia, n. sp.

tNamed by Dr. Packard, Salem, Mass. J Named bj Mr. Kdw. Burgess, Boston, Mass.

SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE AND EDITORIAL. 89

SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE AND EDITORIAL.

Meeting of the Dartmouth Microscopic Club. — This Club
held its semi-aiiniial meeting at Hanover, Oct. 26 and 27.

President E. E. Phelps, M. D., LL.D., in the chair.

Prof. L. B. Hall, of Hanover, N. H., read a paper upon
"the Point of Growth in Exogenous Stems," showing ma-
ny sections of stems illustrating and proving the following
points, viz. : 1st. The young extremity of a branch ma-
tures from below upwards, the pith, wood, and bark, all
parts alike. 2nd. In the older stem the medullary raj^s
grow from the pith outwards. 3d. The forms of these
rays are not due to accidental portions left between the
woody bundles, but each kind of tissue has its own form
and place in the stem. 4th. These forms and positions
are inider the control of the vital forces. Any explana-
tion of the positions. and shapes of the parts as a result of
mechanical forces only, is far from the truth.

Dr. H. A. Cutting, of Lunenburgh, Vt., read a paper
on a dust storm which recently occured in Northern Ver-
mont ; it was fully illustrated by microscopic specimens.

Vermont State Geologist. — Hiram A. Cutting, A, M.,
M. D., of Lunenburgh, has recently been appointed State
Geologist, and Curator of the State Cabinet. From pri-
vate correspondence we learn that he is intending "to la-
bel and rearrange the specimens in the State Cabinet ; put
up and complete the collections of Vermont birds ; bring
the entomological department as near as possible to repre-
sent the ditferent species of Vermont insects ; try to com-
plete the specimens of Vermont mollusca ; ol)tain as many
new specimens of minerals as possible, and put them in
order ; hnally, to make our State Ca1)inet desirable and
profitable for those interested in science."

Our Journal. — Our subscribers Avill notice that the

90 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.

present minibcr is onlj'^ one half the size thut was jjroni-
ised in the prospectus bf 1870, and somewhat l)oliind
time. The cause we shall charire to our printer, for we
had our cop}' ready early in J)cccm])er, and besides we
had abundant subscription to })ublish it. We shall issue
the April number, of the same size as this one, and but a
little behind time. Our subscribers may rest assured that
they will irct the full numl)er of pages pnmiised by us.
"We would further state that our subscription list is stead-
ily increasing, and we have every prospect of seeing the
Archives of Science on a living basis.

» ♦ ♦

HIHLKXJKAPIIICAI. NOTICES.

A Treatise On Ore Deposits. By liernhard Von Cotta. I'rofcssor of
Geology in the Royal School of Mines, Freiberg, Saxony. Translated
by Frederick Prime. Jr. JMining Engineer. Published by I). Van
Nostrand, 23 Murvay and 27 Warren stree^, N. Y. pp. 574.

This work is divided into two part^?: General and Special. The first
or General part giv(!S an introduction into the principles of Ore Depos-
its, occujiying 94 pages. The second or Special pail, occupying the
remainder of the work, treats of the most imjjortant Ore Deposits of
Eurojje without any particular reference to their geograi)hical distri-
bution. The following order of description is observed : 1 Germany,
commencing with th<' Erzgebirge; 2 The Carpathian Countries; Gel-
licia, Transylvania, Hungary, lianat, and Sei'via; 3 The Alps in their
entire extent; 4 Italy; 5 France; 6 Spain; 7 Great Britain; 8 Scandina-
via; 9 European Russia.

Under each locality a description of the minerals present, are given,
showing all the peculiarities of the manner of their oecurance. with
many deposits, the geological formations surounding them are also
given, and in many instances, illustrations of the strata and deposits
are added.

An index of places is given at the end of the work, which facilitates
reference to localities ; also an index of some technical or unusual
Avords, expressions and definitions is given.

First Annual Report on the Noxious, Beneficial, and Other Insects of
the State of Missouri. By C. V. Riley, State Entomologist. 1869. 2
Plates. 98 Wood-Cuts. pp. 181.

Second Annual Report on the Noxious, Beneficial, and Other Insects
of the State of Missouri, By C. V. Riley, State Entomologist. 1870.
99 ^Vood cuts. pp. 135.

These Repoi'ts are replete with information useful to agi'iculturists,
and important to practical entomologists. We wish our own State

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 91

would awake to a realizing sense of this most visefiil department of ag-
riculture, and appoint a state entomologist drawing sufficient pay to
enable him to thoroughly gather together a knowledge of our insects
and put it into a readable shape for distribution among those who de-
sire to avail themselves of such knowledge.

Record of American Eiitomology for the Year,.\S^. 8vo. pp. 52.

Record of American Entomology for the Year, 1869. 8vo. pp. 62.
Edited by A. S. Packard, Jr., M. D. Published by the Naturalist
Book Agency, Salem, Mass.

This is a "yearly index to all papers published on the Insects of
America, sh(nving at a glance the progress made in each order, for the
years, 1868-9. It is a work that should be encouraged by every work-
ing entomologist, whose labors will be greatly fiicilitated by its use.
It is gotten up on the same plan as the Record of Zoological Literature
by Albert C. L. G. Gunther, but is devoted exclusively to American
Entomology. 335 New species of North, and Central American Insects
have been described in the various scientific publications during the
the past two years.

Geology and Physical Oeography of Brazil. By Ch. Fred. Hart, Pro-
fessor of Geologj' in Cornell University, pp. 620. Published by Fields,
Osgood & Co. Boston, Mass.

This book is the result of two journeys in Brazil by the Author him-
self, one was made under the direction of Professor Agassiz, with the
Thayer Expedition in 1865-6, the other the following year. We could
not expect in a work of this size, from an exploration of less than three
years, covering a territory of more than twentj' degi-ees latitude and
something more than that longitude, in its gi'eatest depth, to receive
a detailed account of all the geological formations, nor minute descrip-
tions of the surface of the country, but the general features are acu-
rately given in a clear, concise manner, The journal of their first
journey was given in a former work, leaving this entirely free from
the monotony which usually exists in relating daily occurances in
Travels.

The work is divided into ninteen Chapters, taking up the subjects in
the following order: Province of Rio de Janeiro; Espirito Santo; Mi-
nas Geraes ; The Islands and Coral Reefs of the Abrolhos ; Bahia; The
Sao Francisco Basin ; Sergipe and Alagoas ; Parnambuco ; Parahyba
do Norte ; Rio Grande do Norte ; Ceara ; Pitnhy ; Maranhao ; Para
and Amazonas ; Goyaz and i\Iatto Grasso ; Sao Paulo, Parana Santa
Catharina, and Rio Grande do Sul ; The Gold Mines of Brazil ; Lastly
we get some accounts of the Botocudos, one of the leading tribes of
Indians.

Thirteenth Annual Report of the Board of Commissioners of the Cen-
tral Park. With plates, maps and photographs, pp. 185.
Central Park is the pride and play-ground for the old and young of

92 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.

New York City. Yet recreation and amusoment do not constitute the
entire object of this magnificient place ; several public spirited gentle-
men from the City have organizeil themselve as "American Museum
of Natural History," and procin-ed a chart(!r from the Lcsgislatiu'c.
They have raised about $40,000, and purchased 12770 specimens of
Natural History from various sotu-ces, which is to serve as a luiclcus
for a future collection. Prof. B. Waterhouse Hawkins has been engag-
ed in modeling and restoring to tiicir natural size and nppearance, sev-
eral extinct animals belonging to the Secondary Geological ^Epoch,
consisting of the gigantic Iladrosauras, thirty-nine feet in length; also
several of the Post-Tertiai"y Period, viz: Madodon, Mdinvioih, Mcya-
thcrimn, Mcgalonyx, Glyptodon, «fcc.

A Zological Garden is in progi'ess and is constantly receiving valua-
ble additions from numerous sources.

The Legislature of the State of New York have authorized the Board
of Commissioners "to erect, establish, conduct, and maintain on the
Central Park a Meteorological and Astronomical Observatory, and a
^Museum of Natural History and a Gallery of Art, and the Ijuildings
therefor, and to provide the necessary instruments, furniture, and
equipments for the same."

The ^Meteorological Department has been in full operation for the
past year, and the apparatus used are all self-registering and proba-
bly is the most accurate and comi)lete set on this Contimnit. It is
under the chai'ge of Daniel Draper, and it is to his ingenuity and
skill that this ()l)servatory has been j)Ut into such perfectness. The
barometer and the dry and wet bulb thermometers are registered by
means of a photogi-aphic apparatus, every variation is accurately in-
dicated, also the time when such variations occured. The fall of rain
and snow is registered by an ingenious contrivance, not only giving
the amount but the exact time of beginning and ending of each .show-
er. The direction, velocity and force of the wind are indicated
for every second of time during the whole twenty-four hours.

Phosphate Bocks of Sotith Carolina, their History and Development.
With five Colored Illustrations, by Francis S. Holmes, A. M ., late
Professor of Geology and Paleontology' in the College of Charleston.
Published by Holmes' Book House, Charleston, S. C. pp. 87.

Prof. Holmes gives a description of the various strata of rocks of
the "Great Carolina Marl Bed," their origin and formation, also some
accounts of their fossiliferous deposits, including the history of the
discovery of stone arrow^ heads, a stone hatchet, and human bones
in the Post-Pleiocene Age. Several analyses of various vegetable
products of Claris and Phosphate Rocks ai'e introduced showing the
gi"eat value of these deposits as fertelizers.

Hand-Book of Mineral Analysis, by Frederich Wohler, Professor
of Chemisti-y in the University of Gottingen. Edited by Henry B.
Nason, Professor of Chemistry in the Rensselaer Polytechnic Insit-

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 93

tiito, Troy, New York. Published by Henry Carey Baird, 406, Wal-
nut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. pp. 315.

This work was not intended to be an elaborate treatise on the
Analysis of Minerals, but as its name indicates, a Iland-Book, for
the use of those engaged in the lal:)oratory, for which purpose it
will be found very useful. Under the heading of each mineral are
given one or more concise processes for isolating its ingi-edients
from its ores or compounds. Over 130 dilferent mineral substan-
ces are thus treated. Appended to the work, are Tables of Equiva-
lent Weights of Simple and Compound Bodies, which will be very
convenient for the working analyst.

Fii'sl Medical and Surgical Beport of the Boston City Hospital.
1870. Published by Little, Brown & Co. Boston, Mass.

This volume of 688 octavo pages, gives a I'epoit of the numerous
cases treated at the Boston City Hospital for the first five years of
its existence. The great variety of cases reported make this emi-
nently useful to the physician, and a valuable addition to American
medical ^literature. We would be glad to speak of the merits of
this work at a great length, Init in a journal of the character of
ours it would not be appropriate ; however we commend it to oiu*
medical brethren in country practice as a work of reference. It is
edited by the Medical and Surgical Staff of the Hospital. It is
printed in large, clear type, on nice, thick paper, and is illustrated
with plain and colored lithographs, photographs, and wood cuts.

Fhysiciaii's Visiting List for 1871. Published by Lindsay and
Blackiston, 25 S. Sixth St. Philadelphia. For 50 patients, — $1,50.

Physicians know the value of these diaries and need no explana-
tions from us.

The. Alleged Malpractice Suit, Margaret Sarah Walsh vs. Lewis A.
Sayre. pp. 190. Published by Geo. H. Shaw & Co. 176 Fulton St.
New York.

This is a valuable and interesting report for lawyers and doctors.
Every person about to commence a su.it for damages against a sur-
geon would do well to read this book.

OynoBcological Becord. Prepared by Joseph G, Pinkham. A. M.,
M. D. Published by James Campbell. 18 Tremont St. Boston, Mass.
Quarto, pp. 196. $2,50.

Physicians will find tliis an excellent book in which to record their
important female cases. It is so arranged that by filling out blanks in
each case a good description and history will be had up to the present
time, then a detailed account of it for the next six months or more
will require only one page, and not more tlian one hour's time. Two
diagrams are also given, on which any tumour or malposition of or-
gans &c., may be traced by a few strokes of the pen. There are other
blanks which may be used for any purpose desired.

TRAjXSACTIONS

OK THE

ORLEANS COUNTY SOCIKTY OF NATURAL SCIENCES.

ORGANIZATION.

The following notice appeared in "The Newport Ex-
press," for Sept. 7, 1869:

A special meeting of the Orleans County Natural and
Civil Historical Society will take place at the New Acad-
emy Hall, in Derhy Sept. 13, at 2 o'clock v. m. All inter-
ested in the objects of this society are invited to be present.

(Signed) S. R. Hall, President.

The following individuals met in the Academy Sept. 13,
18G9, in persuance to the above notice :

Rev. S. R. Hall, LL. D., Brownington.

J. E. Dickerman, Esq., Derby,

J. L. Edwards, Esq.,

L. Richmond, M. D.,

Geo. West.

Samuel Sumner, Esq.,

J. M. Currier, M. D.,

M. H. Fuller, A. B.,
Rev. A. A. Smith,
Rev. Daniel Goodhue,

Rev. Dr. Hall took the chair.

Derby Line.
North Derby.
Troy.
Newport.

Lowell.
Westfield.

Dr. J. M. Currier was elected Secretary pro tempore .

TRANSACTIONS OF SOCIETY. 95

The Constitution and By-Laws of the Society were read
by the President. Remarks were offered in relation to hav-
ing new Constitution and By-Laws. The following named
persons were unanimously elected a committee to present
a new code at a future meeting which should be called by
them whenever they should be prepared to report, by giv-
ing notice in "The Newport Express," J. M. Currier, A. A.
Smith, M. H. Fuller, H. A. Spencer, L. Richmond and D.
M, Camp, 2d.

The following notice appeared in "The Newport Ex-
press," for Sept. 21, 1869 :

All persons in Orleans County who are interested in the

progress of the Natural Sciences, are requested to meet at

the Academy Hall in Derby, on Tuesday, Sept 28, 1869, at

2 o'clock p. M. for the purpose of organizing such a society.

(Signed) J. M. CURRIER, Chair. Com. ^

Several persons interested in the Natural Sciences assem-
bled agreeable to the foregoing notice, which was read by
J. M. Currier.

Dr. L. Richmond was elected Chairman, and Dr. Currier,
Secretary yro tempore.

The Committee reported a Constitution and By-Laws,

which were unanimously adopted. The following persons
subscribed the obligation: —

Rev. H. A. Spencer, Derby.

J. E. Dickerman, Esq., "

Geo. Henrv Bliss, "

L. Richmond, M. D., Derby Line.

J. M. Curlier, M. D., Newport.

D. M. Camp, 2nd, "
Royal Cummings, "
M. H. Fuller, A. B., '

Geo. A. Hinman, M. D., West Charleston.

E. P. Colton, Esq., Irasburgh.

96 TRANSACTIONS OF SOCIETY.

\

The following officers were elected to hold office until
the next annual meeting, viz :

Geo. A. Hinman, M. D., President.

Rev. H. A. Spencer, First Vice President.

E. P. Colton, Esq., Second Vice Pesident.

J. M. Currier, M. D., Secretary.

M. H. Fuller, A. B., Treasurer.

Geo. Henry Bliss, Auditor.

The President upon his election took the chair.

Voted to suspend further organization until the next
meeting.

Rev. S. R. Hall, LL. D., of Brownington was unani-
mously elected honorary member.

Voted that the Secretary be instructed to purchase a
Seal and necessary blanks for the society.

Voted to adjourn to Oct. 26, at 2 o'clock p. m.

iiiiifiB m Biiiiii,

Vol. I. APRIL, 1871. No. III.

Obsei'vadons on the Beaver of Orleans County. By Hon.
Isaac Parker, A. B., East Coventry, Vt.

Whether any animals, except the hnman species, pos-
sess the faculty of reasoning, or are guided and directed
in all their actions by certain invariable instincts specially
adapted to support and maintain their existence, is a
question long discussed, but hitherto not definitely settled
by the wise.

In many acts of different animals it is difficult to say
they do not compare focts and ideas and deduce conclu-
sions in the manner, which we call reasoning. The bea-
ver has always been distinguished as among the foremost
of these, which seem to possess this high order of intel-
lect. He begins life by searching out a place for a per-
manent residence. He is a great traveller and never idle,

98 OliSEKVATIONS OX THE BEAVEH.

and how many waters he snrveys in his search for a home
is not known, bnt he is generally found on a stream not
larger than a medium sized mill stream and often nnieh
smaller, and always located on the best spot for his i)ur-
poses, on the whole length of it. This fact, which is ad-
mitted by all who are familiar with his habits, tends to
prove that he had searched the whole stream, compared
all the different })laces, and selected, like a good engineer,
the very best. His great object in all this, is to tind a
plentiful young groAvth of such timber as he wishes to live
ni)()n, situated where he can raise the water near to it l)y
a dam that will not be very expensive.

1 have always thought that in choosing his place of res-
idence, in locating and deciding the hight of his dam, the
beaver exhibits a high degree of inti'llecl, which, if styled
instinct, niakes it ditficult to find the dividing })oint be-
tween that principh' and sound judgement or reason.
Having chosen his spot for the dam, he begins by cultiug
the wood and brush whicli are to form a part of it. I ex-
amined one in process of construction, where the alders
were all cut on half an acre or more, and a share of them
woven and twisted together, and laid in the line of the
dam, in appearance like a large windrow of hay. I thiidi
the alder, not being used for food, is used almost exclu-
sively for building i)urposes. On the same stream below,
there was an estal)lishment where eii>ht beavers were tak-
en ; and in closing up my business Avith them it became
necessary to draw otf the pond in order to tind one of
them. The dam was a little more than five feet high,
formed like the roof of a building and so compact, and
well tilled in with earth, that no freshet could move it, and
no w^ater pass through it. In making drain through it I
found i)lenty of work for a short November day. Xo
stick could be pulled out till cut in two places, Avhen the
part between could be removed. The house is built of
the same material, and situated a little back from the deep
Avater on a bog or head-land Avith a canal reaching to the
pond, so deep that the ice Avill not obstruct it.

OBSERVATIONS ON THP: BEAVER. 9S

In laying up his Avinter's stock of provision, he cuts
bhick asli, white maple, l)irch, willow, and poplar trees
from two to four inches in diameter, in such lengths as he
can handle and lays a tier on the bottom of his pond near
the dam with one end against the ciu'rent fastened in the
mud. while the other rises a little above the bottom.
Then other tiers are lapped on like shingles on a building
till his supplj^ is laid up. When the small growth is
short he cuts trees from eight to fourteen inches in diam-
eter, and leaves them on the land, where, in case of need
before Spring, he gets through the ice and makes his
meals of the bark on the branches. I once saw a beaver
at work on an elm tree some twenty inches in diameter,
standing on the bank of the stream nearly a mile from his
home. The tree had apparently been knawed occasionally
for several years, and was about half cut through. What
the object could be I was at a loss to imagine, unless it
should be to maintain his character for industry, being al-
wavs at work "like a beaver."

The beaver is a thick set, heavy animal, moderate and
clumsy in his motions on land, but quite active in the wa-
ter, and travels several miles in a night, always by water.
He has been represented as very cautious and shy. This
is not true until he has been educated by being once in the
irons and using his^own incisors on his own foot or leg.
He then seems to look about for the cause of his calamity,
and recollecting there was a man about his residence when
the trouble came, he correctly charges it upon him, and
comes to the general conclusion that all men are villains
and always to be shunned. Ever after this if a man comes
near his premises he leaves home and friends before the
next morning. One case in proof of this, among several
within my knowledge, happened in Upper Canada. Two
men, who supposed they understood the habits of the bea-
ver, found the works of one, and prepared to take him.
But after a week's trial, they found he was missing. They
pursued and found him on difterent streams the third time,
with like success. Before they found him the fourth time.

100 OBSERVATIONS ON TIIK BEAVER.

ho had iiin in the way of another man, who bj' exaniinhiij:
the wood he had cut, noticed it appeared like wood cut
with a dull ax", and inferred from that fact that he had
been in a tight place and dulled his teeth upon the iron
which held him. Bein^^ thus informed of his true char-
acter, a soil of bh)ckade was prepared at some distance
from his home, and he was soon taken in attempting to
retreat. About the time his pelt was taken oil" his former
persecutors came up, and found the beaver had but one

sound foot ; and that he had learnt more of their character
in the school of adversity, than they had ever known of

his.

When the Indians owned the country they considered
the beavei' as [)roperty, and managed them somewhat as
we do our cattle. AMienever they left them they were
sure to find them at any future day ; and when they wished
to kill any, they selected the old ones and left the young
ones to multiply and raise another family. The usual
way of making the selection was to prepare a back load of
stakes, and creep cautiously to the canal between the
house and pond, and make a strong fence across it, then
draw ofl' the water from the pond, drive them out of their
house, and they have them in a deep ditch between the
house and their fence, and could kill such as they pleased
with a lance like a bayonet or by a rap with a tomahawk.

AVhen the white settlers crowded upon them, the Ind-
ians knowing that their right of property in wild animals
would not ))e respected, made a general raid upon the
beaver and other animals of value to them. In this iren-
eral slaughter, a few escaped which in many cases began
to increase and doubtless would have remained amouir us
to this day, had they been as wisely treated by the whites
as they had been ])y the Indians. There is no doubt that
all N>w I'^ngknid was originall}^ densely inhabited by bea-
vers, and .that they were very plenty in Vermont, as the
remains of their works may yet be seen on almost every
small stream.

The last visit the Indians made the beaver in this part

OBSERVATIONS ON THE BEAVER. 101

of our state, and prol^ably in any part, was in the Spring
of 1809, when a party of them came up lake Memphre-
magog and encamped on Indian Point ; leaving their fam-
ilies, the men went directly to the eastern part of Brown-
ington, where was a pretty largo community' of heavers
on a branch ot Willonghby's River, and in two days they
killed and scattered the whole. A Mr. Jeremiah Morrill
of Irasburg, the principal hunter of the county, had found
them in the winter before, and thinking he could take
them better in open water than under the ice left till
spring. To his sorrow he found that delays were danger-
ous and that the Indians were just two days ahead of him.
In this raid of the Indians Orleans and Essex counties
were fully searched and here and there a solitary beaver
was left.

AVhen the Indians wish to sweep the whole they gener-
al ]}' cut a sluice in the dam, and lie in wait for the own-
er when he comes to mend it. Tradition has handed
down a story of a white man who being on good terms
with the Indians, Avent with them to take some beavers on
a branch of Moose River in the town of Victorv. The es-
tablishment was large, and after making an opening in
the dam they placed themselves tomahawk in hand, and
waited for the game. In the course of the night they
killed fifty two.

The few left by the Indians, scattered about Northern
Vermont, and pursued by a new race of hunters, were, in
a few years, all destroyed. The last one, I think, was
taken on Cl^'de River in Derby by ]Mr. Charles Sias about
1830. Thus, wherever civilization extends itself, this in-
teresting animal becomes extinct.

It is pleasant to converse with Nature in the deep wil-
derness, where everything, animate and inaninialc liears
the impress of the hand that made it, unuiarred by the
hand of man. It is a place where the pure air, much
more inviiroratino- than that we breath(- in our close
houses, will restore declining health better than all the

102 VEWMONT BIRDS.

iiostrums Avhicli doctors deal in ; uiid whore the mind,
wearied and worn by the cares and confnsion of civilized
life, enjoys a rest and independence not to be found else-
where, and a constant feast on beauties which never be-
come insi})id, and never dov.

Votahxjue <>f\ an<1 Ohsenvfiou.s on tJte Jiivils of Venuoiif.
By kev. Daniel Cioodhue, AVestfield, Xt.

[Rev. Daniel (jroodhue has kindly consented to Inrnish these ob-
servations on the Hirds of this State, which will appear in the Ar-
chives of Science, from time to time as materials come to hand.
When finished, this will be a ccmijjlete cataloi^ue of Vermont
liirds. We would ask all persons who take an interest in Orin-
thology and are in possession of any facts relating to this tleli;^ht-
ful branch of Natural Science, to conniiunicate with the author, in
onler to assist Inm in making accurate and full rejicn'ts. Mv. Good-
hue Jias taken great inten'st in the study of liirds and their use-
fulness td the agriculturist. — Eils.'\

Haliaktus LEUCOCEPHALrs, Savigny.
W/«ife J leaded or Bald Eagle.

This rare and beautifid bii-d is occasionally seen in
Vermont. It comes to us as an intruder and robber
})rayin<r u})on otlier l)irds, and takiuir from the fish hawk
its hard earned livlihood. It is a l)ird forei<j^n to us, as it
has never been known to propoxate in this state. ^

Aqiila Canadensis, Cassin.
The Golden, or Ring-tailed Eagle.

This bird mav be called a native of this state ; it has
been known to lav its efjo-s and rear its vouii"^ within our
borders. It differs from the AVhite Headed Eagle in its
choice of location for its nest ; the latter choosing the top
of a very high tree, while the Golden prefers some inac-
cessible place upon the precipice of a high mountain, us-
ually a sort or prominence over one of the lakes.

VERMONT BIKUS. 103

8tkix pkatixcola, Boiiap.
TJie ScreecJt, or Barn Oid.

This bird is very common in Vermont, and is often, by
its screeching noise, a terror, not only to boys, but to
men, especially to those who are not accustomed to hear-
ing them, should they happen near where they are perch-
ing in the night. The little Ijoy said "it made my hair
stand right up." It seems impossilde that so small l)ird
can make such a terrific noise ! It sounds as thouefh
it was that of some terrible wild beast. And this all the
Jiarm it does.

Tkoglodytes aedox, Vieill.
TJie Hoiuse Wren.

This bird is common in Vermont, as in other states.
One of its peculiarities is in l)nilding its nest ; its exterior
is made of sticks of enormous size, compared with the
size of the l)ird. By this means it secures a strong for-
tification against the intrusion of other birds, such as the
Blue Bird and ^Martin. This bird has been known to take
possession of a house built for the above named birds,
and so faught that it has defended itself and kept away
intruders as they approached and commenced removing
its fortifications. After it has Avon a victorv it will sing
its song most sweetly. It is very useful in destroying in-
sects to feed its young, which niunber from five to eight.

TUKDUS MIGRATOKIUS, LiuU.

TJie American Robin.

This favorite bird is known to follow the plough api)a-
reutly as tame as the hen, plucking insects and worms as
they are exposed. It not only builds its nests in trees
and shrul)s near dwellings but on the beams and braces of
sheds, and under the eav es of houses. They have been
seen by Dr. Currier, in the coldest weather in midwinter,
in the very northern parts of the state, feeding on the
Ixnries of the Mountain Ash.

104 VERMONT BIllDS.

PiCUS AUKATUS, LillU.

Golden-u-inyed Woodj)ecker,

This is one of the most useful birds in this section of
country. By some people it is ciillocl "the Large Urown
AVoodcock," but it is not the l)ird known in the Southern
States by this name, and no doubt that it truly belongs to
the family of woodpeckers. It is quite a favorite bird
with the hop-growers. It Avatc-hes the hop-yards for what
is called the hop-worm, which is almost sure to destroy
the vines unless some means are used to prevent. Said
Mr. Hay Davis, an extensive hop-raiser, of Troy, Vt.,
'♦This Inrd is a very early riser; as soon as any daylight
appears it visits the hop-yard and examines each hill, list-
ens and looks carefully, and if it suspects a worm it digs,
at times, several inches into the hill, and as soon as it
reaches the worm it spears it and carries it away to its
young ; and so it keeps at work i)rotecting our hop-yards."

Its bill is long, hard, and wedge-shaped ; its tongue is
long and round, and may be extended three or four inch-
es beyond the end of its bill. The end is of a horny
substance, with teeth on each side like the barbs of a fish-
hook. Its bill ansAvers for a chisel to cut holes iu trees
iu search for insects ; as soon as it has opened a space
upon one, large enough to receive it, it is pierced with its
tongue. We have an account of one that chiseled to "the
center of a branch of a young, tough, white oak tree,
from three to five inches in circumference, and there found
that destructive insect, the borer. They are often heard
pecking upon old dead trees, in pursuit of the larvae of
insects that usually exist between the bark and wood of
trees. Many think they do much damage to their apple-
trees, hence, kill all they can, but instead of injuring the
trees they are a noble protector against the borer.

Spizella socialis, Bonap.
The House or Chipping Sparrow.

This is a real domestic bird. I once knew a family of

NATURAL HISTORY PAPERS. 105

them fed so regularly from the table that they were as
tame as the domestic chickens. Sometimes they would
pick crumbs out of the hands of a little child, and would
allow the child to carry them about the room in its hands
without being alarmed. I once sat at the window of my
study, and saw the little sparrow (more industrious than
myself) , watching my potato-vines, and clearing them from
insects, for its own food and that of its young. It often
builds its nest in shrul:)s and Inishcs cultivated near our
dwellings. It is known by the name, Hair-Bird, from
lining its nest with hair. It often builds by the side of
the robin on the same bush.

Natural IliMonj Papers. By Hiram A. Cutting, A. M.,
M. D. Lunenburgh, Vt.

Order,— APHANIPTEEA. {Dana.)
APTERA. (Lemark.)
SUCTORIA. (Dec/eer.)

F'amily, — Pulicid^e.

PuLEX iRRiTANS. — To this ordcr of wingless insects,
belong the Jlea and loiifie; they are natives of all coun-
tries. In this article I shall speak only of the single fam-
ily of Pulicidte, of which the connnon ilea (PuJex irritans)
is the leading type. The body of this insect is of an oval
form, somewhat flattened, covered with a hard skin, ofi a
brilliant chestnut l)r()wn color, more or less covered witli
bristles, arranged in roAVS. Its mouth is suctorial and is
composed of a complete apparatus both for inflicting
wounds and for sucking l)lood into its stomach.

The Pulicidoa are all small insects, yet their anatomy is
well known. The mouth is composed of seven pieces.

KM) XATl'lJAL TIISTOUV I'AI'EKS.

haviiiir inside the beak, which is a jointed siienth, a tulie,
and canyinji- nnderneath two h)n<r sliarp laneets with ent-
tin<r and sawlike edircs which pierce the skin causinir llu*
})h)()d to How, whicii is voraciously swallowed. Jt has
two round I )ri,irht eyes situated upon tlu^ sides of the head,
and anteinia' jilaced behind them, which are continually
Khaken when the animal is in motion, but when he is at
rest arc sometimes closed into a cavity In a lid oi- scale.
Its body is divided into thirteen seufments, three of which
belonir to the thorax, one to the? head, and nine to the ab-
domen, which is lariTC!. Its rudimentary wiuics are rei)re-
sented by small scales. The le^s are Ion<r and nmscular,
the tarsus has tive joints and tei-minates in hooks turned
in oj)posite directions. The juni])s wliidi these animals
make are really <riirantic and their strcnirth herculean.
To irive some idea of their sticuirth, I will mention some
well attested facts concerning" them. Cieoffroy in his
"Ilistoire abrcree des Insectes" i-elates that a certain
Knii:lishman had succeeded, by dint of ))atience and art,
in makini; a ^old chain the length of a tin<rer, with a pad-
lock and key to fasten it, not exceed1n<r a sinirlo grain in
weight. A flea attached to the chain pulled it easily.
Another person constructed a carriage and six horses of
ivory. The coachman was on the box with a dog between
his legs, there was also a postillion, four persons in the
carriage, and two servants behind, aird the whole of this
was drawn by one Hoa.

Barron A\'alkcner in his work on Xatural History says,
that while in Paris in 1S2') he went to see the learned
tleas Avhich all could see by paying a small admittance
fee. He says he examined them through a magnifying
glass Avith entomological eyes, and saw some thirty fleas go
thpough military exercises, standing upon their hind legs,
armed with picks, formed from very small s[)linters of
Avood. "Two fleas were also harnessed to, and drew a
golden carriage with four wheels, and a postillion. A
third flea was seated on the coach box, and held a splin-

NATURAL HISTORY PAPER8. 107

ter of wood for m whip. Two other tieas drew a minia-
ture cannon on its carriaire. These and other wonders
were performed on polislied glass. The Ilea horses were
attached by a gold chain fastened to the thighs of their
hind legs, Avhich I was told was never taken otf. They
had lived thus for two years and a half, not one having
died during this period. To be fed they were placed up-
on a mair's arm which thev sncked. When thev were un-
willing to go throngh the required performances the man
moved a burning coal near when they at once recom-
menced their labors."

But let us return to the natural history of our insect.
The female lays from ten to tifteen eggs w^hich are of :ni
oval shape, smooth and white. vShe does not festen them
to anything but lets them drop wherever she happens to
be. If a dog is infested Avith fleas many of their eggs
may be found where he lays. There may, upon close in-
spection, be found with these eggs little particles of brill-
iant black color which is dried blood, that the careful
mother has supi)lied for the food of her oft'spring. In
from four to eleven davs accordiuir to the Avarmth of the
weather, may be seen coming out of these eggs small lar-
vae covered with hair, and divided into three parts, the
last provided with two small hooks. The head is scaly,
having tAvo antenna?, but I am unable to tind any eyes ca'-
en Avith a high magnifying i)OAver. They are Avithout
limbs yet can tAvist themselves al)out and advance ([uitc
rapidly. They are at first AAiiite but afterwards become
reddish. Al)out tAA^o Aveeks of this life and they are ap-
parently about to die, but in reality Aveave themselves a
cocoon from AA'hich the}' emerge in another fortnight per-
fect insects.

One remarkable trait is that the flea seems to know her
oAA'u progeny in the lai-A'al state and frecjuently feeds them
by discharging blood Avith Avliich she is filled, yet I do
not think this feeding necessary for their existence as ma-
nv are never fed. The flea seems to have a choice anionii"

108 NATURAL HISTORY PAPERS.

the animals it selects for its prey. The pig and dog seem
to enjoy the preference, yet most nuinuils are infested
more or less and there seems to he a little variation of
the order in different animals, bnt not snfficient to re-
<piire mention here.

PuLEX rEXETiiANS. — There is however the chierre or
j'lgiXor (T*i(hx 2)enef vans) of the AVest Indies, whi^-h departs
consideraI)le from the varieties above mentioned. It is
much smaller, flat, brown, with a white spot upon its
back, and armed with a beak provided with three lancets.
AVith these the female makes an incision into which she
creeps. Iodising in the skin and bringing forth her young
there. This makes a painful sore and the insect has to be
extracted.

The chigres are an object of terror to the natives of warm
countries which they infest, as they sometimes attack a
limb in such numbers as to bring on mortification, and
even death. Man}' of the Brazilian Xegroes are perma-
nently disabled from this cause. The lai-vte do not live
eitlu'r in the body of the parent or of its host, but are
pushed out, falling upon the ground where their transfor-
mations are like those of Pultx irritansy whose progeny
they then resemble.

Family, — Pediculid^.

Pediculus capitis. — Though the Louse is common to
almost all animals, a description of this species answer to
a great extent for all. This insect has a flat bpdy, slight-
ly transparent, and Spotted with black, soft in the middle
but rather hard at the sides. The head which is oval is
furnished with two thread-like antennai composed of five
joints which are constantly in motion Avheu they are walk-
ing ; it is also furnished Avith a pair of jet black eyes, and
with one of the most peculiar mouths that insects have.
AVhen at rest its mouth seems to form a little protuber-

NATURAL HISTORY PAPERS. 109

ance on the front of its head. This protuberance contains
a sucker which is forced out at will. "When extended it
is a tube terminating in six little pointed hooks curving
backwards thus serving to return it in the skin of its vic-
tim. At the end of this sucker and in its interior are
four fine hairs joined together in a peculiar manner appa-
rently calculated to aid in the process of extracting the
blood from the scalp, ])ut in what manner they act is not
known. The thorax is nearly square and divided into
three pai-ts by deep incisions. The abdomen is composed
of eight rings or bands extending round the insect. They
have six legs, all terminating in a peculiar strong nail
that folds back into an indented projection, thus forming
a pincer by which the louse fastens itself to the hair,
clinging with great tenacity.

In their reproduction they are oviparous. Their eggs
which remain sticking to the hair are long and white,
commonly called "nits." The young, hatched in five or
six days, and in about sixteen or eighteen days are able
to reproduce their kind. Yet their fecundity is so great
that it is calculated that under favorable circumstances,
this species is capable of producing in forty days at
least one hundred and tMcnty-five thousand fiom a single
pair. Happily for the victims of this disgusting parasite
their reproduction is not usually to any such extent.

Another species, the Pediculus humanus corporis, ex-
ceeds the Pediculus capitis in reproductive powers, ma-
ny hundred times, but happily f(n- the human family it is
not as common. This species causes a fungous growth or
disease of the skin called piti/ricms, and though not com-
mon at the present day, like the leprosy, was a terror to
the ancients, and with reason. They not only infested
the poor, but the rich and learned were susceptible, and
history informs us of numerous instances of death from
this disease. King Antiochus, it is stated, was so cov-
ered with lice before his death that his skin was a crum-
ling mass of them, and baskets-full were scraped ofi' and

110 XAXriiAL HISTORY PA1'EU.<.

Imrned. The i)hil()S()phor Pherocydes, the dictator Soyl-
\a, AL^-ij)]);!, L^ideiiiis Maxiinns, and many other noted
men died in a siinihir maimer. It is also recorded in an-
thentic liistory that some families of distinction throM<.di
many *ienerations were always attacked Just before death
with these jjarasites ; and were always certain that when
lice came upon them that their end was near. An au-
thentic case is related in l*ortii;ral, of a nohh'man that
was attacked uitii lice in such a maimer that it required
two servants continually to carry awa}' and throw into the
sea the vermin tliat escaiu'd from the head of their rojal
master. I am aware that some of those cases seem more
like iiction than fact, or wouhl if the testimony of emi-
nent physicians of our time did not sul)stantiate them.

Wilson a celebrated Kuiilisli physician in 1M()5, says :
"I have sometimes in maliirnant fevers found the bodies
of my patients teeming with lice, even when the powers
of life were scarcely sutticient to presen'e the body from
decomposition. They Avould many times come on in a
few hours so as to ((nnpletely cover the skin, even on
persons of cleanly habits." I am inclined to believe that
certain sta<rnant conditions of the fluids of the bodj' are
favorable for their rei)roduction. AVe have the testimony
also of Sir Benjamin lirodie, that once when openintj^ a
tumor he found it not full of pus as he expected, but full
of lice.

But man is not alone afflicted with parasites, almost ev-
ery beast, bird, or tish has its peculiar species ; and as we
come down to microscopic vision even these lice them-
selves have f/ieir parasites and through this entire range
there are variation and points of peculiar interest, but it
would require a book to trace their histories.

( Continued. )

CRYTOGAMOUS PLANTS. Ill

Cafcdof/ue of Crypfofiinnons or Flovprhss PJaiifs of Vfr-
moiif. l\y ('has. C. Frost, r>rattlol)oro, Yt.

( Continued from page 81J

LYCOPODTACE.E.— Club ^Mosses.
Lycopodium lucidulum, Mich.

Cool and <l;uni) woods.

L. Selago, L.

Summit of AIansfiel<l and CameFs Ilump Mountains.

L. annotinum, L.

Woods.

L. dendroideum, Mich.

Moist woods.

L. clavatum, L.
Dry woods.

L, complanatum, L.

Woods.

Selaginella rupestris, Spring.
Dry exposed rocks.

S. apus, Spring.

Moist low grounds.

ISOETES.— Ql'illwokts.

Isoetes echinospora, Durieu.

Ponds, MansUelil Moiuitaiii.

L riparia, Englm.

^Iarii;ins of jionds or dull streams.

I. Englemanni, Braun.

■Jshallow ponds or ditches.

MUSCI.— :SIO.S8E8.

Sphagnum cymbifolium, Dill.
Bogs and spauips.

S. Lescurii, SiiUiv.

Shores of ponds.

112 CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS.

S. squamosum, Pers.

Bo^s and swamps.

S. acutifolium, Ehrh.

Bogs anil swamps.

S. cuspidatum, Ehrh.

Bogs and swamj)s.

Andraeae rupestris, Turner.

On rocks, Mansfield Mountain.

Bruchia flexuosa, Schwaegr.
Damp grounds.

Gymnostomum curvirostrum, Hedw.

Bocks.

G. rupestris, Schwaegr.

On wot rocks.

Weissa viridula, Brid.

Old fields, hill-sides,

Campylopus viridis, Sulliv. &. Lesqx.

Decaying logs, Man.sfielil Mountain.

Didymon fragilis, Hook.

Trematodon longicollis, Rich.
Clayey and sandy soil.

Dicranum pellucidum, Hedw.

On rocks n(!ar streams, Brattleboro.

D. varium, Hedw.

Clayey hanks.

D. heteromallum, Hedw.
iMoist ground.

D. flagellare, Hedw.

Decaying logs in woods.

D. scoparium, L.

On earth and decaying logs in woods.

D. undulatum, Turner.

On earth in dry woods.

Ceratodon purpureum, Bridel.

On earth cSie.

Leucobryum glaucum, Hampe.

Roots of trees and swampy gi'ound.

L. minus, Hampe.

On earth in dry woods.

Fissidens minutulus, Sulliv.

Damp rocks in shaded ravines.

F. bryoides, Hedw.
Shady rocks.

CKYPTOGAMOU8 PLANTS. 113

Fissidens adiantoides, Hedw.

Moist places and wet rocks.

Conomitrium julianum, Mont-
Shallow sti'eams.

Trichostomum tortile, Schrd.
Clay banks, roadsides.

T. vaginans, Sulliv.

Road sides and ditches.

T. pallidum, Hedw.
Clayey gi-ounds.

T. glaucescens, Hedw.
Dry hill sides.

Barbula unguiculata, Hedw.

Clayey soil.

B. caespitosa, Schwaegr.

Woods about roots of trees.

B. convoluta, Hedw.

Woods and moist banks.

B. mucronifolia. Br. & Sch.

Rocky banks of streams.

B. fallax, var. brevifolia, Muhl.
Rocks near streams.

Pottia Truncata, Br. & Sch.
On earth, »tc.

Tetraphis pellucida, Hedw.
On earth in woods.

Encalypta ciliata, Hedw.
Rocks in woods.

Drummondia clavellata, Hook.
Bark of trees.

Orthotrichum strangulatum, Beauv.
On trees

0. Ludwigii, Schwaegr.
On trees.

0. Hutchinsise, Smith.
On trees.

0. crispum, Hedw.
Rocks.

Schistidium apocarpum, Br. & Sch.

Rocks.

Grimmia Olnejii, SuUiv.

On rocks near sti'eams.

G. Pennsylvanica, Schwaegr.
On rocks and stones.

114 CRYl»TO«AMOUS PLANTS.

Grimmia Donniana, Smith.

On walls.

Racomitrium aciculare, Brid.
Mountain streams.

R. fasciculare, Brid.
Moist rocks.

R. ellipticum, Br. & Sch.

Aloist rocks.

Hedwigia ciliata, Ehrh.
Uocks and boiiklers.

Buxbaumia aphylla, Haller.

Around stumps in woods.

Diphysium foliosum, Web. & Mohr.
Clayey or barren soil.

Atrichum undulatum, Beauv.
Moist clay Ijanks.

A. angustatum, Beauv.

Sliaily woods anil swamps.

A. crispum, James.

Banks of streams.

Pogonatum brevicaule, Brid.

^loist clayey lianks.

P. umigerum, Brid.

Mountains.

Polytriclium commune, L.
Shady moi.st places.

P. formosum, Hedw.

B;is(! of trees in woods.

P. Juniperinum, Hedw.
Margin of woods.

P. Juniperinum, var. strictum.

.Manstield Mountain.

P. piliferum, Schreb.
Roiky places.

Aulacomnium heterostichum, Br. & Sell.
Woods and shady banks.

A, palustre, Schwaegr.

Swamps.

Bryum pyriforme, Hedw.

On ground in burnt woods.

B. crudum, Scbreb.

JNIoist banks.

B. nutans, Schreb.

Moist shady soil.

CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS. 115

Bryum roseum, Schreb.

Base of trees in woods.

B. Wahlenbergii, Schwaegr.

Springy places.

B. argenteum, L.

Roofs, walks, pavements, &c.

B. pseudo-triquetrum, Schwaegr.
Wet rocks.

B. bimum, Schreb.

Wet eai'th on rocks.

B. capillare, Hedw.

Moist banks in woods.

B. caespiticium, L.

Rocks, grounils, and in dry places.

Mnium affine, Bland.

Damp ground, shady places.

M. hornum, Hedw.
Mountains.

M. stellare, Hedw.

Hills in woods.

M- cinclidioides, Hedw.

On stones in mountain streams.

M. punctatum, Hedw.

Wet places.

M. rostratum, Schwaegr.
Woodland rivulets.

M. cuspidatum, Hedw.

Base of trees in woods.

Bartramia Oederi, Swartz.

Mountains.

B. pomiformis, Hedw.

Shady banks.

B. fontana, Brid.

Springy places.

Funaria hygrometrica, Hedw.

Ground and walls.

Physcomitrium pyriforme, Br. & Sch.
On the gi'ound &c.

Fontinalis antipyretica, var. gigantea, SuUiv.
Rivulets.

P. biformis, Sulliv.
Rivulets.

F. Novae- Angliae Sulliv.
Rivulets.

K) ClIVPTfKiAMOl'S PLANTS.

Fontinalis Etonii, Sulliv.
ISiviili'ts.

F. disticha, Hook. &. Wils.
Kivulcts.

F. Lescurii, Sulliv.

iMoinitiiin rivulets.

F. Frostii, Sulliv.

1,'ivillrls.

F. Dalecarlica, Bryol. Europ.
IJivulots.

Dichelyma falcatum, Myrin.

MdinilMiii rivulets.

D. capillare, Bryol., Europ.

Ilivulcts.

Leucodon julaceus, Sulliv.
Trees.

Leptodon trichomitrium, Mohr.

\\'<M mI>. nil t rei's.

Anomodon viticulosus, Hook. & Tayl.
S|i;i,(lc(l rocks.

A. attenuatus, Hub.

I><Rks ;iii(l roots of trees.

A. tristis, Cesati.

Trees.

Leskea obscura, Hedw.

Ti-ees within reach of Hoods.

L. rostrata, Hedw.

J>ase of trees in woods.

Thelia hirtella, Hedw. (Sulliv.)

Hoots :iii(l trunks of trees.

T. asprella, (Schimp). Sulliv.
lioots anil trunks of trees.

Myurella Careyana, Sulliv.

SpriiigN urountl on liill>.

Anacamptodon splanchnoides, Brid.
Hollow knots on trees.

Pylaisaea intricata, Bryol. Europ.

'i'rees and logs.

Homalothecium subcapillatum, Bryol. Europ.

Trees.

Platygyrium repens Bryol. Europ.
Old fences and logs.

Pterigynandrum filiforme^ Hedw.

Rocks and trunks of trees.

SCIENTIFIC ixtelligencp: and editorial. 117

Cylindrothecium cladorrhizans, Bryol. Europ.

Old logs &c.

C. seductrix, Bryol., Europ.

Old logs and roots of trees.

Neckera pennata, Hedw.
Trunks of troo.s.

Climacium Americanum, Brid.

On oartli in moist places.

Hypnum tamariscinum, Hedw.
On the gi'ound and logs.

H. delicatulum, L.

On tlui ground in dry phic-es.

H. minutulum, Hedw.

Decaying logs in woods.

H. scitiim, Beauv.
Base of trees.

H. gracile, Br. & Sch.

Decaying logs.

H. abietinum, L.

Mountain swamps.

scientific; inteij.igence and editokiae.

Observatiom on the Bocks of WesfJieJ(L ht/ Rev. T.
Mackie. — The Rooks of Westticld, are principally talco.se
.slate rnnnino- parallel Avith an extensive band of serpen-
tine in connection with steatite commonly known as soap-
stone, which, Avhen pnre, is Yalnal)le for the purpose of
makinir .stoves and lininsf furnaces. Mica slate is also
present as well as chloritic slate. The latter is mixed u[)
with quartz and specular iron. There is scarcely a strejim
in AVe.stlield that does not contain gold in small (quantities
but not sufhcient to pay for extraction. Mining for gold
Avould be more likely to pay where it exists in the (juartz
veins running through talcose slate.

The serpentine is the rock in which wc may exi)ect b*

118 SCIENTIFIC TNTELLIOENCE AND EDITOKIAL.

tiiid aslx'stos and ohroiiie ore ; tho tirst namod may be
iiianufac'tiircd into lamp wicks and fire-proof paper, which
would be valuable for all imi)ortaiit records ; and the lat-
ter when found in sufficient (piantity would pay well for
mining. Serpentine is also tound in close proximity to
good rooting slate, and in my opinion a band of it will
yet be found to the east of the serpentine.

Taken altoffcther the rocks are of a very interestin<r
character and may prove at some future day rich in the
useful minerals.

Phenomena occwing in Oct. 1870. Reported hy ./. M.
Currier, M. D. — An unusually brilliant display of the
aurora borealis oecured in the evening of Oct. 14, 1870,
commencing at about half i)ast six o'clock and continuing'
till ten r. m. It connnenced with a brijjht red streamer
in the northwest shooting ui)wards towards zenith, which
soon faded and was follow(;d l)y munerous patches of
white and red streamers reaching zenith, covering the
northern half of the tii-mament. Al)out H o'clock the
whole firmament, excepting a small portion near the
southern horizon Avas covered with Avhite streamers inter-
mixed with l)right red and yellow ones, all vividly shoot-
ing upward and centering a few degrees south of zenith.
At one time the whole southern half of the heavens was
covered with these streamers while there was only one
small ptiich of red ones in the northern.

At four minutes past 8 o'clock it was so light that the
time could be noted by the watch. This was the most
lirilliant and beautiful display that has ever ])een wit-
nessed in this country.

On the morning of the 18th. at half past six o'clock
commenced a fine rain from the south, which lasted till
about ten a. m. when the wind changed to the northwest,
and l)lew in violent gales the remainder of the day and
foUowinof niffht. Snow and hail succeeded the rain,
which ended about five p. m. The mercury sank to 14°

BIBLIOGKAPHICAL NOTICES. 119

Fah. from seven till two p. m. In this county many trees
and buildings were blown down, and other damages done.

At thirty minutes past eleven o'clock on the morning
of the 20th. a heavy shock of an earthquake was felt at
this place, its duration was nearly thirty seconds. There
was one continuous shaking, attended hy a low rumbling
sound similar to that produced by the passage of a heavy
Avagon over frozen ground, a fiict observed by several of
our citizens and quite uniformly described by them, more
particularly b}^ those who were walking along the street.
Door bells were rang, crockery thrown from shelves and
broken, rocking chairs set in motion, tables tipped,
houses rocked and creaked, doors opened, chimneys were
thrown down, and various other demonstrations of its
pOAver Avere manifested. Several persons standing on the
deck of the "Lady of the Lake," (an iron steamer which
plies the waters of Lake Memphremagog) , felt the shock
severely and were frightened. The Avaters near the shore
Avere noticed to be roiled. The day was rainy and when
the shock occured it Avas raining A^ery heavily Avithout
the least breath of Avind.

We learn that this shock Avas felt along the Atlantic

'o

Coast and far into the interior of the LTnited States.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.

The Molluscan Fauna of New Haven. A critical rcAioAv of :ill
the Marine, Fresh Water and Land jNIolhisca of the region, with
descriptions of many of the living animals and of two new spe-
cies. By George II. Perkins, Ph. I)., Professor of Zoology, Bot-
any and Geology, in the University of Vermont. [From the Pro-
ceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, Vol. XIII,
1869.]

120 BinLIOGRAPIITCAL NOTICES.

'l}ic MoUuscun Fauna of the Later 'Icrtiaryof Peru. Wy K. Thom-
son Nelson, Ph. 1)., Professor of Xiitural History in Hanover
College, Hanovci", Indiana. [From the Transactions of the Con-
neetieut Academy of Arts and Sciences. Vol. II, Part 1.]
The species described in this iJ.ijx'r nre mostly new to science.

and are illnstrat<>d l)y two j)l:ites.

Annual of Sricu/ifir Disrovrri/: nr, Year-l^ook of F.icls in Science
and Art, for 1871, exhibiting the most important discoveries and
improvements in Mechanics, U.seful Arts, Natnral Philosophy,
Chemistry, Astronomy, (Jeology, Biology, Botany, Mineralogy,
Meteorology, fieography, Antiiniities, etc.. together with notes (in
the progress of science dnring the year 1870; a list of recent
scientific publications; obitnarios of eminent scientific men, etc.
Edited by .John Troliridge, S. B., Assistant Professor of Phjsics
in Harvard (Jollege; aided by W. 11. Xicbols, Asst. Professor of
Chemistry in M.iss. Inst, of Tech. ; and ('. H. Cross, gradnate of
the Institute. Pnblished by (lonld .and Lincoln, Boston.

This annual contains the usual amount of important matter. The
advant.-ige of these annual abstracts are two fold : 1st. a great
amount of useful information is brought together from an exten-
sive field of research and observation; 2nd. the very nesit bound
volume which it forms, is within the means of the most humble.

Fifty-third Annual Beport if thi TrnMeos of the New i'ork Stale
Library.

The School Ijaboratory of Physical Sciciice. Edited by (iustavus Hin-
rich. Professor of Physical Science in the Stiite I'niversity of Iowa.

The objects of this journal are to inti'oduce and encourage the
study of the sciences in Anierican schools, and to elevate the
standard of sci(!nce teaching in them. We most heartily concur
with the editor's views and wish his enterprise success.

Diseases of the Womb. L'terine Catarrh frequently the (Jause of
Sterility. New Treatment. By H. E. (Jantillon, M. 1). pp. .'>4.
Published by J.anies Campbell. Boston.

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

ORLEANS COUNTY SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES.

October 2(i, 1«(;9.
Adjourned Meeting of Derby.

President Hinmax in the ehair.

Acting Members. — The foHowino: persons were nomi-
nated for actin<»; members, and were elected, viz :

Geo. S. Kelsea, M. D.,
Alfred Randall, Esq.,
L. H. Bisl)ee, Esq.,
W. D. Crane, Esq.,
J. C. Rntherford, M. 1).,
S. W. Dane, Esq.,
J. Grout, Jr., Esq.,

Hon. J. L. Edwards,

Hon. E. A. Stewart,
H. Fairehilds,

Rev. J. G. Lorimer,
H. D. Holmes,
J. F. Wright,
D. W. Blanchard, M. D.,

Rev. T. E. Ranney,

Rev. Daniel Goodhue,

Newport.

Derl)j-

Derhy Line.
Coventry.

West Charleston.
Westtiehl.

Ho)iorart/ Members. — Hon. David M. Canq) of Dcrhy
was elected an honorary member.

Donation.^ to Miisenm. — 1) sjx'cimens of fossiliferous
limestone from Newport, Vt. ; 110. ilhistnitiug the com-

122

TRANSACTIONS OF SOCIETY.

mon rocks of the county, 4, uiicletermincd species of fun-
gi, 4, of colooptcra, 1, of hoiniptora, fwm J. M. Cnr-
rter; 1, of petriticd moss from Ji ciilcareous spring in D<'r-
hy^from J. Y. Green; 32, of minerals from various pla-
ces, y>WH A. Randall; 1, of native copper from Lake Su-
perior, //r/^i C.G. Goodrich.

Donafionft to Library. — 32 volumes of i)ul)lic docu-
ments, /wm Z>. M. Cainj), 2nd.; 7 A'olumes of [)iil)lic
documents, from W. D. Crane; package of pamphlets
and journals, y7'o>>A '/. Jf. Currier.

Committee.^. — The following eommitte<'s were an-
nounced hy the president and duly elected, viz :

, T. K. Ranney.
Ethnology,

Comp. Anat. and Gen. Zool.,

Mammaloi^v,

Ornithologv,

Herpetology and Icthyology,

luvertebrata,

Entomolojrv,

Botany ,

Paleontology,

II. Fairchilds.
J. C. Rutherford.
D. AV. Blanchard.
G. 8. Kelsea.
J. F. AVright.

L. Richmond.
A. Randall.
W. D. Crane.

D. (ioodhue.
S. W. Dane.

J. E. Dickerraan.

J. Gnnit, Jr.

L). M. Camp, 2nd.

R. Cummings.

G. H. Bliss.
H. D. Holmes.

E. A. Stewart.

E. A. Stewart.
M. H. Fuller.
J. G. Lorimer.
J. M. Cun-ier.
H. A. Spencer.
T. E. Ranney.

J. L. Edwards.
A. Randall.
E. P. Colton,

TRANSACTIONS OF SOCIETY.

123

Geology and Mineralogy,

Library,

Publications,

E. P. Colton.

D. ^y. Blanchard.

D. Goodhue.

G. A. Hinman.
H. A. Spencer.
M. H. Fuller.

J. L. Edwards.
J. G. Lorimer.
J. M. Currier.

Curators. — M. H. Fuller and E. A. Stewart were
elected curators.

Librarian. — M. H. Fuller was elected librarian.

Purchases. — Voted to instruct the secretary to purchase
several works on the different dei)artnients of natural sci-
ence such as would facilitate the naming and study of the
different species, also to procure a sufficient number of
insect pins.

NOVEMBEU 9, 1869.
Regular Meeting at Derby.

President Hinman in the chair.

Donations to Museum. — One pair of deer's horns from
Southern Ne^v York, from A^. C. Cole, of Neu-port, Vt.;
slab of Italian marble, and fruit of the walnut, from H.
Fairchilds; one l)eetle, from M. L. Smith, of Newport;
two minerals from Newport, />ww J. M. Currier.

Acting Members. — The following persons were elected
acting members, viz :

J. A. Bowker, M. D., West Charleston.

C. I. Vail, Esq., Irasburgh.

Rev. A. A. Smith, Lowell.

Associate Members. — N. Cheney, M. D., of Bcebe
Plain, P. Q., was elected associate member.

124 TKAXKACTIONS OF SOCIETY.

/'iff/It's// in;/ /*rospH-fii.s. — \'c>t(Hl to have 400 in'ospec-
tuse.s of the society printed mikI cii-ciilatcd aiiKnin- similar
societies and academies.

Artide^s for (Jahbwt. — Voted tliat the secretary be re-
quested to j)iirehase sufficient material to commence work
on a mierosco])ical cal»inet.

Jamais 11. l-sTo.
lii'ijitltir Mccfhni tit Ini.sliiirtili.

President Hin.man in the cliaii'.

Ar-ff'ii'/ Mi^nifK^rs. — The t'ol lowing" jx'rsons \v«')'e nomi-

inated for actinj^ members, and weie <dected,viz :

Fiev. R. 1'. Wild, North Craflsl.ury.

l{ev. A. W. Wild. (frecns])oro.

Kev. S. K. P». I'crkin>. fllover.

Ke\ . J. (". Ilon^hton. Coventry.

N. M. Darlin--. West Albany.

A. (i. IJuirbee, M. I).. Deri )y Line.

F. W. Ilardini:-. M. D., Derby.

('. L. Krwin. M. 1).. Newport Centre.

Kev, J. Thurston, Barton Landing.

.). M. AVinsloAv, .M. I)., I5rownin^ton.

W. Ji. Moody, M. 1).,

Rev. \\ . A. Kobinson. l>arton.

Hon. J. P. Sartle, "

J. F. Skinner. :\I. I)..

A. A. Earle, Esq., "

L. S. Thompson. Irasburirh.

L. AV. Ad-ate, M. I)..

Hon. I. X. Cushman. "

Report. — E. P. Colton made a report of the manganese
ores of the county. The society requested him to prepare
a written report for ])u])lication in their Transactions.

* transactions of society. 125

May 10, 1870.
Iteyidar Jleff/'/i;/ at Derbi/.

President Hinman in the chair.

Commimicalion. — Rev. T. E. llaiiney read a cominuni-
cation presented by Wm. W. Grout, on the aborio'inal
history of northern \^erniont.

Donatioiu'i to OaJnnet. — From 11. A. Spancer, concre-
tionary granite from Groton, Vt., and beantiful crystals
of maple sugar; from. A. A. S)n.i't/(, asl)estos and willow
galls from Lowell, Vt. ; from J. M. Currier, talc from
Potton, P. Q., garnets from Der])y, 1 fungus from Salem,
1 diptera, 5 coleo])tera, and 1 crustacean from Newport,
calcite, adamsite, and lichens from Salem, burs of two
species of pine from Derby.

Actimj Members. — Wm. W. Grout, of Barton, was
elected an acting member.

Correspondiiiy 3Iember.s. — Hiram A. Cutting, A. M.,
of Lunenl)urgh, Vt., was elected corresponding member.

PublifiJiiiKj TratosactioHs. — Voted to have the Transac-
tons of the society published in the Archives of Science.

Comriumication. — Rev. T. E. llanney read a commiuii-
cation on the Pawnee Indians.

Donations to Libra ry. — Public documents frorn Hon.
./. S. Morrll.

July 12, 1870.
lieijuhir Meetbaj at Newport.

President Hinman in the chair.

Resignation of Treasurer. — The Treasurer made a re-
port of the financial condition of the society, and present-

128 TRANSACTIONS OF SOCIETY.

ed his resigimtion, being ;il)oiit to leave the county.

Commwiicat ions. — Kev. T. E. Kanney read a coniniu-
nication on the character and liabits of some of the North
American Indians.

II. H. Cutting read a comnnuiication on the microscope,
juid exhil)ited several Ijeautiful specimens in anatomy and
natural science.

Donations to Cabinet. — 33 entomological specimens
from J. 31. Currier; several microscopical specimens y/'ww
//. A. Cutting.

Treasurer. — At a meeting of the Council inmiedi-
ately after the exercises D. M. Camp, 2nd. was elected
Treasurer.

September 13, 1870.
Annual Meeting at Derlnj,

President Hin.man in the chair.

Officersi. — The following officers were elected for the
ensuing year, viz :

G. A. Hinman, President.

H. A. Spencer, First Vice President.

E. P. Colton, Second Vice President.

J. M. Currier, Secretary.

D. M. Camp, 2nd., Treasurer.

G. H. Bliss, Auditor.

Committees. — The following committees were an-
nounced hy the president and duly elected, viz :

f D. W. Blanchard.
Comp. Anat. and Gen. Zool., -i G. S. Kelsea.

U- F. Wright.
("T. E. Ranney.
Ethnologj', <J H. Fairchilds.

J. C. Rutherford.

TRANSACTIONS OF SOCIETY.

127

Mammalogy,

Ornithology,

Herpetology and Icthyology,

Invertebrata,

Entomology,

Botany,

Paleontology,

Geology and Mineralogy,

Library,

Publications,

Curator arid Librarian. — E.
Curator and Librarian.

G. A. Hinman.
A. Randall.
W. D. Crane.

D. Goodhue.

F. W. Harding.
J. E. Dickerman.
J. Grout, Jr.

D. M. Camp, 2nd.
R. Cummings.

G. H. Bliss.
H. D. Holmes.

E. A. Stewart.
J. M. Currier.
E. A. Stewart.
J. G. Lorimer.

J. M. Currier.
H. A. Spencer.
T. E. Ranney.

rj. L. Edwards.
\ A. Randall.
LE. P. Colton.

E. P. Colton.

D. W. Blanchard.

D. Goodlme.

G. A. Hinman.
H. A. Spencer.

E. A. Stewart.

J. M. Currier.
R. Cummings.
J. L. Edwards.

Stewart was elected

Report on Botany. — The committee on botany reported
that they had in preparation the revision of a catalogue of
the plants, not only of Orleans County but of the entire
State, cryptogamic as well as phenogamic. Several able
botanists in the state having been already engaged in the
work.

Exonoration. — Voted to exonorate A. A. Earle and

\2H TIIANSACTIONM OF SOCIETY.

D. M. C'jiiiii) from paying tlio adniission fees and the an-
nual dues, in consideration for printing notices of the
meetings Avithont charge to the society.

Donatlona to (Jahinet. — Several specimens of liorn-
t)KMide in calciferous mica schist from l)eri»v, front W.
FiiUerx several varieties of h()rnl)lcnde from New^jort and
Coventrv, fifnn J. M. Curvier.

JklillVlB if SillNil

«

Vol. I. JULY, 1871. Xo. IV.

Bu-(lf<, ill lliolr Uelalioii to ^If/i'icidfui-f. By Goo. H.
Perkins, l^li. I)., Profest^or of ZoiiloiiT, Botany and
Geology, in the Fnivorsity of" Vornionl. Kcad be-
fore the Vermont State Board of Ao-rieulture, dime
1871.

That all may liave a.s eoniplete un understanding of the
su])ject as may ])e let us say a few words in regard to the
zook)gieal eharueters and position of birds, not so much
for the sake of hringuig forward anything new, as to re-
vive in the memory faets already ivnown. Birds may he
scientitieallv characterized as air-l)rcathino', \varm-l)h)od-
ed, oviparous vertebrates, titled for aerial life. Probabl\'
no grou}), of ecpial rank, in tiie animal kingdom pi'csents
so great uniformity in its essential characters. Among'

I'M) l!ii:i)s.

;ill tlic lum<li-('(ls of dittrriiii:' ti-ihos'of the fciitlicrcd nice
we liiid IK) such straiiirt' and alx-n-anl toi'ins as wc have
among tlic mannnals in the winded Uals or tlic tinni-d
\\'haU's, It is ti'nc that all hirds do not fly. hut they do
all pofcisejss wiiiirs oC some sort. Ihouiih they may use them
oidy as Hn.s, :is do the l\'njiiiius, oi- as aids in running-, as
do the Ostiichos.

Intense activity characterizes all ihe functions of the
body as well as ni'eat ctHciency. Nowhere (dse do w c
find so com[)letc a i('sj)iratory system, for, besides the
j)iM'itication of Ihe l)lood in the Innifs, the capillaries meet
the air in sacs, which arc tlistrihnted in \arions i)arts of
the l)odv. TIh'sc arc chieflv to make the hodv lijrht hut
they also assist the luniis in their woi'l<. The hones are
all very compact and liini : those of the neck move vei'v
ficelv allowini:' motion in all <lii'ections, \vhile those of the
back, to which the winu's and le<:"s are attached are fast-
ened toirether so closel\ as to be almost immovable. The
one main purpose and aim in the plan of .strnctiu'e seems
to be titness for tliirht. The tirm museles. the (piickly
bcatiiiL'" heart, the liiiht, compaeth' built bod\ . the eneruv
of all the parts, unite in the accomplishment of this end
and so eirectually do they fullill their mission that the
speed and jxiwer of lliiiht in man\ hirds are vejy great.
The Hawks and their allies can lly from eighty to oik;
hundred miles an hour, tlieir swoop being nuieh more
rapid, and many of oui' smaller birds, as the SwalloAvs and
AVarblers, i\y almost or (piite as rapidly and not only is
their tbu'ht so swift, but thev ean keel) on the win<i: tor
hours, or even days, with little or no rest. The eyes of
an animal moving so constanth' and so ra])idly nmst have
a different structure from that of man or othei' animals
that move more slowly or it could not accomplish its pur-
j)ose, aeeordingly we tind all the i)arts (jf a bird's eye
freely movable, and controlled by muscles. The eye of
tlie Hawk, which lies flattened and far sighted as the bird
sails slowly along the up})er air, as soon as any prey is

BIRDS. 131

(Icscricd tar hclow it, has every muscle reach' t'ur action
and. as the bird sweeps down with the speed of wind, not
oidy do the winirs perform their i)art, not only do the talons
and beak i)rei)are for action, but the eye is all the time
being draAvn out round and full and when the earth is
reached it is as keenly near sighted as it was far sighted
an instant before and if the bird chance to turn toward
the sun the third eyelid, the silvery nictitathig mem-
brane springs over the eye and shields it from harm.

But, hoAvever interesting the structure and action of the
various parts of a bird's body, an extended consideration
of them is foreign to our [)resent purpose and so we pass
on to notice veiy In'ietly tlie relations of birds to other
animals. In their mode of reproduction and in the
structure of some of the parts of the body birds have
some affinity with the reptiles, but in other respects there
is a irreater resemldance to the manmials. Between these
two classes, though not in all respects strictly intermedi-
ate, the birds are placed. There is no necessity for giv-
hig in this place a detailed classification and we will pass
this part of the subject by simply stating that many natu-
ralists arrange the birds in two groups, one embracing
those that hatch the young in a weak condition and so are
obliged to feed and care for them for some time, as is the
case with the Kobin and other of om- conmion song birds ;
the other group eml)races such birds as the Partridge and
our common fowls, whose young are a])le as soon as hatched
to run about and care to some extent for themselves.

Besides this general division some more specitic arrang-
ment is adopted. That most used by naturalists com-
prises seven orders which will be taken u[) in turn,
though little need be said of most of them as they are not
of s})ecial interest to the agricnltuiist and one order that
of the Cursores or runners Avhich is composed of I)irds
such as the Ostrich and Cassowary will be omitted en-
tirely. At this time oidy those si)ecies which are fouu<l
within the limits of Vermont will l)e noticed.

1P)2 lUKOS.

'IMic first oixlcr to Uv considered, Hiiptorcs oi' l>irds of
Prey, li;is not very niueli iiii|)ort;iiice from ;iii ;ii:ricultiir:U
[)oiiit of view. It is true tlpit the frontier settlers suffer
not a little from the depredations of I'^.a^les and Hawks
hut in a thickly settled coimtry such losses ai'e not usually
\-er\' larii'e still the-^e lai'ii'er l)irds ai'e injurious just so far
a> these depredations extend. The Owls, espeeially the
sujaller ones. (U'ser\e more favor as Ihey destroy larii'e
nund»ers of rats. mice, moles and such animals, that do
more or less damage to the crops. \\\\\ more than this
they devour a ureaf many of Ihe lari^-e niiiht-llyin^- moths,
which come from, and in tni'n produce the laru'e larvic as
the |)ota1o-worm and tohacco-worm. The common
Screech ()\\1 is csjx'ciaHy serviceahle in this way.

The Scansores or ( Mimhers arc of fai' i^reater impoi-
tance. as many of them arc most useful. Indeed if may
he assei-fed with truth that all of this order which ai'e
found in \'ei'mont are friends of the faiiner. In warmer
countries the numei'ons frihes oC I'arrots and similar
hirds are many of them \rvy inischie\()ns hut oiu' species
are all insect eaters. We ha\ c only the \\'oodpeckers
and Cuckoos. The ( 'uckoos are not of ureaf importance
as they are few in nmnhci'. They eat a irreat many cat-
erpillars and other insects and so ai'c heneticial so far as
they u'o. I*\'W birds are of so great \alne to ihe farmer
as the A\'o()d[)eckers. As \\'ilson most ti'iily says this
whole liToup seems to ha\-e hccn formed for the protect-
ion of our fruit and forest trees from the ravauvs of ver-
min. Among the many groundless and wholly false
ideas in regard to birds is one which attributes to these
l)ird.s the habit of sucking the sap of trees and Avliich
therefore bestows upon them the name of Sapsucker.
The aljsurdity of such an idea does not «eein to have pre-
vented it from becoming j^reAalent in some places.
E(iually unfounded is the idea that these birds eat the
wood of the trees they visit. Aside from the fact that
they very rarly attack those trees which are rich in sweet

BIRDS. 138

8;ip, .such as tlu' iiia})l('. l)iit, on the contrarv spend nearly
all their time on Apide-tree.s, Pines and otlnn- trees
whose sai) eon id liaidh' l)e resfarded as invitinir, thev
ri.sit the trees most in September and other fall months
and not so nnieh in the Sprini>' when the sap is most read-
ily ol)tained. The whole struetnre of the ])ill and toniiiu'
is against any snpposition that the hirds eat sa[) or wood.
One species is however an exception to these statements.
This is the Yellow-hellied A\'ood[)eeker or Sap-sneker of
the West. There is no (h)nht that the iiijnry done l)y
this bird has been uTeatly exago'erated l)nt yet it seems
donbtfnl Avhethei- it is wholly benetieial and it })r()ba1)ly
does eat some of the inner bark of trees while seurehinu-
for insects. Its tonu'ue is smooth and it differs in other
respects from the trne AVoodpecker, but yet an exami-
nation of the stomachs of quite a nund)er of these spe-
cies has shown that their chief diet is pro1)a1)ly insects.
It seems probable that, notwithstandino- the great outcry
that has l>een raised against them in some sections of the
country, this yellow-l)ellied Woodpecker will yet be ac-
knowledged as a very useful bird. But, setting aside
this dou1)tful species, there remain six or seven other
species, in regard to which there is no dou1)t and which,
instead of injuring the trees they visit, most certainly
l)eneht them.

As every fruit grower knows well his worst enemies
are often the various borers. The borer is so hidden
Avhilc at work that man tinds it almost impossible to pre-
vent its ravages and wvy dithcult to even check them,
but the A^"ood])ecker linds just where the grub is located
and with its sharp chisel-like bill easily digs into the
wood and when the worm is reached the bai'bed tongue
transfixes and draws it out. So deftly is the work done
that a very small amount of wood is eut away and no in-
jilrv done the tree. It is the uniform testimony of obser-
vers that those trees which have been oftenest pierced arc
most thrifty. Jn more than fifty ap[)le orchai'ds examined

134 I'.TTIDS.

1)V Wilson llic licst trees without exception were those
that had received tVe(|iieiit attacks from the ^^'ood|)eckel•.
Many of the trees "were over sixty years ohl, their
trnnks co\cre<l with holes, whik^ the bi'anches wei-e
broa<l. luxuriant and loadecl with finit." "Of decayed
trees more than three-fonrths were nntonched liy the
A\'ood])eckers."'

Prolialily the most nsefnl of oin' \'ermont s]>ecies is
that called the Downy \\'ood|»ecker ( l*iciis piilx^scens,
Liini.) a hiack and white hird, nsnally not oxer six inches
lonii. and another callc<| the Hairy \\'ood|)ec|<er ( /Vr//.s
rilliisiis, Jjiini.) which is vci'y similar in ajipearance,
thonuii lariici'. These hirds are (jnite common about or-
chards and should he encoui'aiicd to stay. Some of the
hii'irer s[)ecies, at certain seasons, eat some coimi and a lit-
tle iVuit 1»ut the amoimt they take is too small to he made
any account of. riii' Ivcd-headed \\'ood])ecker is more
destru( ti\c to IVuit than any of the othei's. It eats aj)-
pk's, pears and such fruit, always s(dectin_ir the ripest and
best and it is said, bedsides tliis, to (^at .some coi'ii, es])e-
cially when it is in the milk. .Notwithstandiuir all this
their pi'oper food is insects and there can be little (b)ubt
that they do far less to destroy, than to save fruit, for
what th<'\- eat is only a small pai-t of that they have
saved from (b'strnction b\- destrovinjj thousands of in-
.sects.

Leaving" this not veiy laruc but veiw useful ^roup, let
us i>a>s on to the cousidei'ation of a very larufe and impor-
tant order that of the Insessores or Perehinir-Ijirds. 'i'he
species of this irrou[) are very numerous and the individ-
uals are munbered by thousands and a very lai\i»e mnuber
are of special interest to the agiiieultiirkst. In entering
upon this pai-t of our subject Ave are treadinof ujjon
ground, every inch of Avhich has heen hotly contested and
even noAv the discussion in regard to some species has by
no means ceased.

Althouirh there is a i)rettv ireneral agreement amouir

nuturalists in regard to most of our birds tliost' who have
not made a special study of their hal^its and structure arc
by no means so nearly unanimous in their opinion. Be-
cause the ground to 1)e passed over is contested, all the-
oretical views and all that is simply proba})le will be
omitted and only what is ))elieved to be fact well estal)-
lished and capable of proof will be presented! For this
reason a careful consideration of what may be ottered is
desired.

Of course in so limited a space as is now^ at my com-
mand T can speak of only a few of the most important
species and must leave unmentioued many others, of less
interest perhai)S, l>ut yet not wholly unworthy of regard,
such as the Hunnning Birds, Vire(js, Warblers, Finches,
etc. The Whippoorwills and Xight ILnvks are entirely
harmless and very benelicial as they destroy in common
with the Owls many «f the uocturnal insects. The little
Wrens are of considera])le service in devouring the eggs
and small larva' of insects, many of which are too minute
to be seen by man and yet they may develop into for-
midable enemies. Still more useful in the same way is
the connnon Titmouse, a I)ir0. regarded by many as very
troublesome, and with some show of reason, for he may
be seen not rarelv tearinir the buds from i)lants and after
})ulling them to pieces throwing them away. This cer-
tainlv looks very uuich like mischief l)ut, if anv one will

«/ «' *-■

.take the trouble to examine these castaway buds, every
one will be found with the marks of a worm within it and
this is the object which the bird seeks and so, while ap-
parently doing harm, it is really preventing a much great-
er evil. Not only in this Avay does the Titmouse pi'ove
serviceahle, but in many others.

The Chickadee or Black-capped Titmouse is one of our
winter birds and after the leaves have dropped from the
trees and bushes he ma}^ be seen carefidly examining the
bark and thrusting his sharp little bill iuto every crev-
ice, often spending a long time upon a single lu-anch and

13() UIIJDS.

thousjuuls of e<>«>s left duiMn<>' tlio simnncr hv llic cMiikci--
worm, appU'-w'oriii and hosts of siniilai' pcsls art' llnis
|H('V('iited from doinii" harm, nor docs it cease its lahors
in snnuner w hen the eiiiis of insects arc not so ph'iit y luit
it still Avaiics nnccasinii" Marfare against the enemies of
the farmer. ]\Ir. Samnels in his cxcccdinuly vahiahh'
work on the "Birds of New l'>ni;land"' states that it has
l)cen calcnialcd tliat a siniilc pair of" these Chicach-cs de-
stroy five hnn(h-ed urn'^ :i'i(l caterpillars daily.

Prol)al>ly no l)ird has heen the snKjcct of more dispnte
ov the oltjcct of as many false o|)inions as oin' common
Robin, and yet no hird is moi'c familiarly known and
none, sliould he liettei" imderstood. It is not xcry won-
ih'rfnl that when one sees his pet chcny-trcc as it is
Jnst ripcnini:" it> frnit, \isilcd iVoni morninL;' till cvc-
ninii" hy Ininuiy l\ol)ins. he shonid set down the hii'ds
as tit only for powder and it is imdonhtcdiy tiyinu' to
ones fceliniis to ha\(' the strawberry hcil plundered and
the rasplicriies and ai'api-s, the ripening' of which has
been tenderly watched, nussinn', when the expectant
owner aoes to gather them. Wi- are all very sensitive
when anythinii' atfects onr palates or our pockets. Af-
ter all this allowance I yet hoi)e to show tiiat the Ivob-
in is a most beneficial and nscfnl bird. The cherrii'S
and strawberries show us only one Nciy small side of
the (piestion.

Lot us consider u few facts which show what the l{o])in
ivally is and what he does ; some of these are from my
own observation but most from varions other sources.
A Mr. Tronvehjt livin^ii' in Medford, Mass., has been
experimentinii' for several years upon S(mie of the Amer-
ican silk worms, especially upon one s})ecies. Frtr the
})roper treatment of the worms and moths he has a lariie
tract of land enclosed and covered with netting beneath
which the Avorms feed. ]Mr. Trcnivelot states that the
varions birds ot the reiiion destroved about idntv-tive
per c(mt of these worms and that the Kobins and Cut-

BIRDS. 187

l>ird.s were fur the most troublesome. As he felt o])lio-ed
in self defence to kill large numbers of them, he ex-
amined their stomachs and in no case found fruit but
always worms alone. Yet this was all through the sea-
son and the grounds were surrounded with Scrul) Oaks
and Huckle-berry bushes, which were a part of the time
loaded with fruit and this fruit was of course much easier
to ol)tain than the worms. To ascertain how rapidly the
birds woidd destroy the worms this gentleman placed
tw(j thousand of them on an oak in the very height of the
the ])erry season and in a very few days they were all
eaten l)y Eol)ins and Cat Birds.

Any one that will watch the Rolnn closely can not fail
of being struck by the diligence and activity it displays in
the capture of worms. It seems to be an established fact
that Robins must have animal food, especially when young.
In reducing the number of the cut-worms and others like
them the robin is especially ethcient. These worms
crawl out of the groimd during the night and go 1)ack
early in the morning l)efore many birds are stirring ])ut
the Robin is a very early riser and devotes his mornings
to the special work of exterminating these worms, which
if allowed to increase, lay Avaste great tracts of country,
destroying cal)bages, turnips, potatoes and many of our
most useful vegetaldes. A Mr. Flagg whom ]Mr. Sam-
uels c[uotes as one who has watched the habits of this
bird for a long time and very carefully, states as his be-
lief that the Robin is almost exclusively an insectivorous
bird and uses fruit only, as he expresses it, for desert,
never as a i>:eneral diet.

This gentleman tried various kinds of food for yoimg
Robins that he had taken. To some, worms and soaked
bread were given, l)ut all died ; to others worms, bread
and cherries, but most of these also died. Then he tried
a variety of insect food and the manner in which the birds
picked up the insects from the bottom of the cage, l)reak-
ing any hard parts and their general treatment of the

13s HIKDS.

food, showed most plainly thai the birds knew instinctive-
ly how to take such diet and moreover the birds <^n'\y
vigorous and strong upon such food. Kxpcriments like
these show eonclusiveh' that as a rule, at least when
young, the Kobin i/tii.^f l)e fed with a variety of i)iseef food
or die. It is not simply a matter of ehoiee, but of neces-
sity which causes a i)air of R()l)ins with a nest full of
young to catch the cut worms, canker worms and the
like.

It will Itc interesting to note the amount of food needed
by a growing bii'd and then we can judge bettei' as to the
number of noxious insei-ts it is able to destroy. Kecall if
you please what was said at the outset in regard to the en-
ergy with which all the organs of a bird act and it will be
more easy to understand what a large anioimt of food is
needed to supi)ly the waste necessarily caused by such
actiAit\- of the circulator\', respiratorv and othei- func-
tions. It seems lU'cdful for the comfort of a l)ird that
the stomach should be full nearly all the time. This
matter can hardly be moic clearly or accurately presented
than by an abstract of a })aper published a few years ago
bv Prof. Treadwell of ("ambi'idiic in the Proceeding's of
the Boston Society of Natural IIistory(Vol. (5, ]). 31H)).
Two (piite young birds wei'c taken which were fed at tirst
three worms daily. The number was inci'cased the next
da\' and on the third dav eiiiht were ii'iven each in the
forenoon and in course of the day one died ;ind on exami-
nation, its stomach was found to be empty. The othe]*
bird still strong, was given a largei' allowance Avhich was
increased to thirty-one worms on the seventh day. From
this time the bird and its food were Aveiglied daily. It
Avas found in this way that not until the fourteenth day
when sixtv-eiii'ht worms, or thirtv-four d^vts. Avere given
the bird that it Ijeiran to <»:aiu in Aveiuht. At this time
the bird Aveighed tAventy-four dAvts. so that its daily food
Aveighed over forty-one per cent, more than itself. The
sixtA'-eiaht Avorms measured al)out fourteen feet. After

BIRDS. 139

'd time the tbod was varied and twenty-three dwts. of raw
beef were given the l)ird and with it hirae ({nantities of
earth, gravel and water were taken. If a man were to
eat as mneh propoi'tionally he wonkl consume in twenty-
four hours oxvv seventy pounds of clear beef and drmk
five or six gallons of water. When the bird had reached
its full size its requirements were reduced to a))out eighteen
dwts. of clear meat or double that amount of worms, the
latter not being very concentrated food, and it continued
to take this amount up to the time the article was pre-
sented. T am well aware that it seems impossible for the
parent birds to su})j)ly the young with so large a quantify
of food l)ut we cannot suppose that a l)ird would eat any
more in the (|uiet life of a cage than Avhen freely exercis-
ing' in its natural state. If uoav a Ko))in needs so oreat a
iHunber of worms, not to fatten it, but simply to kee}) it
from losing flesh, what a great benefactor of the agricul-
turist this bird must l)e I BetAveen two and three hun-
dred full sized worms daily is not too large an allowance.
What is true in this respect of the liol)in is equally true
of all our insect eating birds and the Robin is spoken of so
nnich in detail chiefly that it may furnish a sample of
what hosts of others do.

It is not pretended that these facts prove that Robins
and other birds do not eat cherries and other fruit. It is
not desirable that only one side, even though it be the
most favorable, should be regarded, but all the ditferent
views should l)e taken and compared and thus we may
hope to reach a correct result. Estimate as largely as you
will the loss resulting from the destruction of fruit and as
little as you honestly can the evils which would have re-
sulted from the ravages of the insects which the Robins de-
stroy and the account when balanced, will eventually stand
largely in favor of the birds. Fruits last only for a time
and the amount the Rol)in destroys is at most (piite lim-
ited l)ut the injurious insects are to be found in some
forms the year around and, while most of the Robins

140 I'.iuns.

iiiioratc farther South, sonio of thoni stay all winter even
in this northern climate. It is full time this matter were
considered and the vexation on account of the loss of u
fcAV cherries or other fruit, ])revente(l fi'oni avenuin^i' itself
iu a \va\' that Itriuirs so irreat evil.

All that is needed to reef ify tlic luauy errors so conuuon,
is a careful aud unprejudiced examination of the ({uestion.
It luay be true that a jx-rson who raises small fruits as an
essential ])art of his business, receives more harm Ihiui
ffood, from the birds, but I find it haiv] to believe this for
it seems as if th(> injury occasioned by an uucliecked in-
crease of the cankerworms nud various other like insects
would l)e areatei' than the worst inflicted ))y the birds.
Indeed it is ditiicult to see how any fi'iu't at all could be
raised, if the ravajres of the "worms Avere unchecked by them
and for this reason any one who meets with considerable
losses from them may console himself with the thouirht
that in all probal)iIity he would have had non(> at all if the
birds had all been killed a season or two before, as he
sometimes wishes they had l)een, so that all that he is
able to gather of his truit is so much saved.

A bird (juite as nmch disliked by fruit irrowers as the
robin is the Cedar Bird, or Cherry Bird, so called on ac-
count of its fondness for cherries and the l)erries of the
Ked Cedar. These birds come from the South quite
early in the sprins: in small Hocks and remain all sum-
mer. During most of this time they live u\)(m injects
and are all the while of great service but in cherry time
they help themselves to their favorite fruit and then all
their good deeds are forgotten and they too often fall vic-
tims to unjust condemnation. I think that nothing more
is needful to secure the protection instead of destruction
of these birds, than for anv one to watch them closelv, not
merely during the cherry season l)ut all the while they
are with ns from early spring till autumn. There are
man\- who rarely if ever see this and other ])irds except
durins: the few da^s, or weeks at most, in which thev are

BIRDS. 141

injurious, forgetting entirely to look iifter them or to con-
sider their habits ;it other times and so great errors very
easily arise.

As the Bobolink is one of our most eonnnon meadoAv
sono\sters and is withal a Sfreat tjivorite Avith many, a
AV^ord or two in regard to it will not be out of })laee. So
far as agriculture is concerned this ))ird is of less impor-
tance than many others, l)ut yet it has some interest
Avhen viewed only in this light. Jn the South they are
usually disliked l)ecause they pay more frequent visits to
the rice fields than is })leasant for the owners and indeed
they often do nuich damage to the crops though some-
times very beneficial to the cotton as we shall see before
closing. In New England however it seems to have left
its love for grain behind it and here it eats, some grass-
seeds indeed, but for the most part its food consists of
l)eetles, crickets, grasshoppers, and all sorts of insects.
They remain Avith us only during the warmest part of the
year, not often arriving before the middle of May and
leaving in large flocks early in September. Even if the
Bobolinks were not the useful bii'ds they are to us we
c(ndd well afford to tolerate their presence on account of
the joyous, tinkling Avarble thtit they so constantly give
us during tlie first part of their stay seeming the very
eml)odiment of l)uoyant life and he must be very melan-
choly Avho can long listen to their song Avithout catching
in s})ite of himself something of its cheeriness and hug-
ging himself for \'ery joy.

One of our conunon birds, and one that should be
highly esteemed, is the Cat Bird, as it is one of the
greatest enemies of the A^arious kinds of insects we have.
The Blue Bird is an universal favorite and deserves so to
be, as besides being of a cheerful disposition it does good
service in Avarring against the insects. The Barn, (liff
and Bank swallows all cai)ture a great variety of the fly-
ing insects and sometimes destroy the so called a[)i)lc-
slugs in great numbers.

142 r.Tiins.

Pr()l):il)ly very fcAV persons have anv idea what the
state of thiuirs woukl be if the birds were all destroyed,
t)ther thiiiiifs reinaininir as they now are. It ean not be
unpi'otitablc for ns to (h'vote a few words to this pai't of
our sidijeet. There are in the State of A'erniont jjroba-
bly not less than eiiihl hnn<h'ed species of Lepido])terous
insects(i. e. the moths and bntl(>rt1ies, ) and in the whole
United States there ai'e not less, probably, than fonr
thonsand. lint leavinu" the rest of the states let ns con-
tine onrselves to onr own. and see what resnlts wc can
obtain. If w(^ suppose the nnniber of speeics in this
state to be ei^jit hnndre(l the inerease will be soniethinu"
like this : each female lays on the averauc three hnndred
and tifty e^iis bnt we will ])laec the mmiltei- at three hnn-
dred. now sn})j»ose that in this year 1^71, there exist
only one i)air of eaeh species, there wonid be dni"in<j; the
year 240. OOO co^s ]»rodneed which wonld dev(dop into
240, ()()() caterpillars. If half of these were females, nc'xt
yi'ar we slionid Iuinc 120,000 })airs of insects which
wonld prodnee 8(i,000,0()0 of caterpillars for 1<S7/}, and
so on, so that in tive years there wonld come from the
uneheeked inerease of only one ])air of each species 121'),
000,000,000,000 of caterpillars or two hnndred millions for
every simple acic in the state. It is true that as the ar-
ranirement of things noM- is not one in a hnndred, if in-
deed one in thonsands of these eafofs ever reaehes matn-
rit\' bnt the ^retit usfents of destruetion are the birds.
The varions species of ichnenman Hies and other parasites
destroy irreat nnmbers however. INIakini:" all i)ossible
deductions on account of all the destructive iuHuences ex-
cept the birds, we have left a very large figure, and if
this is multiplied by the number of pairs actually liA'iug on
and, as all know, of some kinds there are thousands, the
product is something appalling. But astonishing as this
view of the case is it is l)y no means complete.

The Lepidoptera constitute only a small part of the in-
.sect world. It is indeed that which prol)ably contains

BIKDS. 143

most injiii-ious insects l)ut other f>rou})s are not to l)e
overlooked. We have, for instance, the vast nuniljers of
beetles, to which group belong the various tree borers,
weevils and curculios ; others of this tril)e devour the
leaves, bark, flowers and fruit of trees and plants, and
nniny very troublesome bugs belong to this group. Then
among the grasshoppers, locusts, crickets and the like
there are many pests. Among the Hies there are the
Hessian Hv, wheat Hv, hoi Hies and others. There are
in other oronijs different kinds of more or less trouble-
some insects. So that if we bring all these insect foes
totfether we tind an arniv of enormous size, an armv suf-
ticient, if allowed to go on unchecked, to ravage the most
fertile country more hopelessly than the wildest horde of
savages or the lircest conflagration. ^Nlan is almost pow-
erless to check this invading host, all his ingenuity and
all his knowledge has been again and again brought to
bear upon the evil and with so small results as to be al-
most in vain. To show how far man's resources avail
him in this matter let me quote a fact or two from an ar-
ticle hj Dr. Brewer in one of our popular periodicals.
In 1852 the forests of Lithuania were ravaged b}- the cat-
erpillars of one of the butterflies and although, aware of
the danger, the landholders set the peasantr}^ at work col-
lectino- the eo:ffs, larvie and adults and used everv means
in their poAver to prevent the evil yet it continued till
thousands of acres were ruined. The total loss must have
lieen enormous ; that in a single district was estimated at
$58, 000, (»<)(). And yet no one familiar with their habits
can doubt that had not the European Jays been almost
exterminated in these same forests a few years before,
nuich if not all this great loss would have been saved.

The loss by the May chaffers in three districts of the
Hartz Mountains Avas estimated to be in 18()(') one and a
half millions of dollars and this is not an unusual h)ss so
far as I am aware and 3'et in these same districfs some of
the most useful birds are proscribed.

144 BIRDS.

h tlu'iv is a raco of Ix'inas on earth that is protected
from destriutioii by its rehitions to the jieneral eeonomy
of nature that race is that of the birds. Ven<;eance swift
and terrible descends upon those who will not learn that
they ai-e important, nay even necessary to the success of
all airricnltural pursuits. While we may be nntch aided
1)\- those insects that destroy others of their kind, we
must rely chietly on the birds and in so doiiiii" we shall
lean upon no broken reed. While man stands a<ihast at
the prospects before him, as he (■ontenn)lates his insect
foes, the birds are ready and eai>er and able to help him
if only he will allow them to do so. lva[)id as is the in-
crease of insects the birds, if unmolested, ^\ ill generally
keep them in check. Dr. Brewer iifives an instance or
two to show the ethciency of the aid l>irds can aive that 1
cannot resist the desire to (piote. In the fall of 18(58
there was a ureat cry from the Southern seaboard states
that the cotton "worm was ruininu" the crops. The worms
had ap})eared over so lar<ii' an extent of country that it
seemed hopeless to attem})t to exterminate them, but Just
at this time the Bobolinks passed along the region on
their Southward Journey and, instead of as usual visiting
the rice tields, they went at the cotton tields and in a few
hours the evil that had seemed irremediable, was re-
moved and the crops saved. .Vgain in the Spring of 18(57
the Grasshoppers were hatching in such nund)ers in a
part of Kansas that the crops seemed doomed to speedy
ruin but just at this time large flocks of the Yellow-head-
ed Black Bird passed through the region and entirely de-
stroj^ed the insects. Many such instances might ))e given
all showing the great l)enetits the birds are all the while
conferring u})on the agriculturists.

I should not treat this subject fairly if I passed over
some birds of a different disposition from those heretofore
mentioned. It mu.st be admitted I thiidv by most observ-
ers that there are injurious birds. And yet among these
there are some, if not all, that have valliant defenders.

BIRDS. 145

The luimljer of species that may be set down as injurious
is not very large but some of them are very numerous in
individuals and as they assemljle in large flocks they may
do considerable damage. There are connnon in Vermont
four difl'erent species of Blacklnrds. Some of these do
very little damage to the crops and do nuich good by de-
stroying insects. So much evil do they prevent that in
some cases where they have l)een placed under the l)an
and indiscriminately slaughtered there have followed ex-
tensive and destructive depredations from grul)S and
worms. But the most common of all the Black l)irds is
that called Crow Blackbii'd. These birds descend upon
the cornticlds in large flocks pulling up and swallowing
the grain with great gusto and again when it is in the milk
they tear open the husks and prevent man}' an ear from
ever comino- to maturitv. And yet with all their faults
thev destrov a great many insects.

As to the Crow there is considerable discussion. Dr.
Brewer contends, in an article in the Atlantic ^lonthly,
that the crow is, on the whole, a useful bird, l)ut other
naturalists doubt the correctness of this conclusion, and
it seems reasonable to believe that the CroAv does far
more harm than good. In the winter and early spring-
Crows live almost wholly upon insects and of course
during this time they are Ijeneticial, In May or early
June they busy themselves in pulling up the corn, some-
times making it necessary to replant large tracts. Cer-
tainly they are none other than thieves during this time.
Al)out this same time too thev are watchino; the smaller
])irds in their domestic operations, and when the eggs are
laid and the young hatched they make many a meal from
them. If Avhat has been said in regard to these smaller
])irds be true, it is easy to see that in destroying their
eggs and young the Crow is preventing the destruction of
myriads of injurious insects and so is a most harmful
bird as long as he continues in this predatory work. Mr.
Samuels thinks that a crow takes about eight ounces of

14() Hli;i)s.

food daily and so he is aide of" course to cat ii(» small
luimbcr of birds and cuns dui-iiia- the season. Mi . Saiii-
iiel's calculation i»ives, as the I'csult of one day's work foi*
a irow, the di'struction of l»irds that could fairly l)c pre-
sumed to have destroyed durinii" llu- season nearly lOO,
000 insects had they live(l. After the corn has urown
too larn'c ;ind the hi ids have flown from the nest the crow
hetakes himself auain to the search for insects and l)e-
comes a useful memher of society. l>ut. as his e\il deeds
are far iireater than hi> i^ood ones, we must set iiiin down
as an outlaw. An ingenious mode of catchini'' these birds
is ofiven h\ Wilson. A li\'e crow is securely fastened to
the "ifround with his feet upwards. In thi> condition his
cries are loud and fre(|uent. As soon as other crows fly
down about him he i^rasps them hopiiii;- to relie\-e himself
of the fetters that hold him to the <:round and in this way
the })risoner may l»c taken and the trap is all set for an-
other.

The JUiie da\ is iiuilty of simihir inisdcineaiiors. for
this bird d(dii!hts to rob the nests of the 'I'hrushes and
\\'arblers of both eniis and yoniii;'. It also dcNours in-
sects, })eech nuts and othei' seeds and fruits. Ivjually as
liuilty of robl)ini;- the nests of insect eatinii' liirds is the
Canaihi day. This bird is not c(>niinon except in the
northern part ot"thc state. .Mr. Sainiiels says thai he has
known a [)air of these birds to carry off the younu' of four
nests of tile Snow IJird in one forencjon.

Besides these three uroups, the ('rows, the Blackbirds
and the »Iays there are a few other birds that are to some
exti'iit injurious and in sayiuii' this I of course do not
mean that no others are ever iiuilly of dama_<>inii" fruit oi"
crops, but that in these the injury done is not compensa-
ted by any e\uivaleiit benefit us it is in the ease of the
others. The Purple Finch, thouaii a fine lookinii" l)ird,
is disliked on acc(nint of liis hal)it of feeding:- on the buds
and blossoms of fruit trees. Tlie Great Northern Shrike,
or Butcher bird is indirectly injurious, at least sometim(!s,

mKt)s. 147

as it destroys the smaller birds and so prevents the bene-
fits they might have l)r()nght to the farmer. Pmt at most
the really injnrions birds of this order are very few in the
nnmber of species and except the Crows and Black birds
are few in individnals.

Of the three remaining orders bnt little need be said.
The Rasores, an order which includes such birds as the
Gi'ouse and A\"dd Pigeon, are all of them seed eaters
though also eating insects, and where the}' descend upon
grain fields in any considerable numljers they may do
much damage, but, as none of them are found in large
munbers in our state, they can hardly be said to be inju-
rious for they conhne themselves to the woods for the
most part and seldom attempt to rol) the fields.

The AVaders and Swimmers, from their habits of life
are necessarily seldom 1)ronght under the notice of the
farmer, and all that is to l)e said in regard to them is,
that, so far as is know n, they do no harm whatever and
some of them do destroy mice and insects and so are use-
ful though not to an,y very imi)ortant extent.

AUoAv me in closino- to earnestly ask all Avho have read
the facts and arguments herein presented to give them
careful thought and to test them by full and candid obser-
vation and see whether they are true or not. It has been
impossible in the allotted time to bring clearly into view
fvfr// side of the question, nnich more might be said in
regard to man}- points bnt, while these have necessarily
been imperfectly treated, there has been a constant desire
and purpose to bring out fully those points which have
the most practical importance. All that could l)e said
against the usefulness of the ])irds treated has been given,
it is believed, its due weight and what has been said upon
the other side of the (piestion has not been, intentionall}'
at least, overestimated. Certainlv it is true that the ar-
guments brought forward have not been adduced for the
sake of any favorite theory nor out of any sentimental re-
gard for the ])eauty of the feathered friends, ])ut simply

14X lUltDS.

iind .solely l)eruuse the facts in the case seem to support
them.

A irreat deal of sentimentalism in rei>iird to the heaiiti-
ful piumaue and the sweet soniis of the hirds has heen
written and most pathetic a})[)eals lia\c heen hased there-
upon to induce ])eo])le to cease their molestations. This
is all well in its |)lace. Certainly no woids can descrihe
too vi\idly the ex(|uisite softness of coloriiiL;, the ele-
i:ance and iinu-efulness of form, or llic mcKxlionsness of
souLj of very many of oui' hirds : Longfellow's "Birds of
Killiniiworth" is a picture as true as it is poetical, hut
sentiment, however well expressed, cannot stand against
real or apparent self interest and is not a firm euouu'h
foundation for a plain, soher argument and in a paper
intended not to amuse hut t(» })resent simple facts in
their clearest liuht there is no place for such things. Not
to the s\inpath\', nor to the love of the heauliful, l)Ul to
the judL^emeiit and comuHtu sense is the appeal here
made.

It is not at all unlikely that many who will see the
statements just presented will recall more than one oh-
servation of their own that seems to conflict directly with
them, ^^'hile in no \\a\ intendin;:' to declare such ol)ser-
vations incorrect I would yet remind you that they may
not he wholly conclusive. W hat has heen uiven as fact
is the result, not of i)assini:' ohservaticjus, hut of eai-cful
investigation. \'ery naturally nothing makes one moi'c
sure of the truth of aiivthinu' than the fact that he has
seen it with his (jwn eyes. But unfortunately it is not
everv i)air of eves that sees what is jioiuii' on with scien-
titic accuracy and in not a few of nature's operations ap-
pearances are very deceptive and so the inferences drawn
from them nmst he erroneous. Many an one looks merely
at the surface of thini^s, imagines that he has seen all
there is and acting accordingly most resolutely maintains
that he is guided l)y the teachings of nature. lie may
see a woodpecker drilling into a tree and infers that it is

MINERAL AVATERS. 14i)

jifttT sa}) and is doiiiu" dainag'e : or. ho sees the Chickadee
pulling oft' l)uds and so sets both these birds down as
only iit for dcsti-iiction and usually includes in his list all
that resenil)le them. 01)servation and reasoniu": of this
sort Jire far too coninion and the I'csult of it is that thou-
sands of dollars are lost every year.

The relation of birds to agi'icultnre is not merely a
(juestion involving the killing or protecting a few l)irds,
but it involves the welfare of the agricultural interests of
the land and if at this time I shall only succeed in convinc-
ing a few of the importance of the matter and so lead
them to think of it and investigate it for themselves I
shall he content.

Qiialifa/ive AnaJij.v's of fJte Mineral /Sjyn'nf/s of Essex
County, Vevnionf. By Hiram A. Cutting, A. M.,
]\I. T)., State (Jeologist, and Curator of the State
Cabinet. Luncnl)nrgh, Vermont.

{Continued from page 20.)

Following the Connecticut River down a few rods from
the Lunenburgh Chalybeate Spring, l)efore analyzed, we
tind some hidf dozen small springs issuing from the bank
within the space of a dozen rods, all of which are more
or less chalybeate. One of them is however sufficiently
pure to be used for all household [)urposes, b}- the family
of James Phelps, Esq., on whose land the}^ are situated.
This spring contains about Ah grains of mineral matter to
the gallon and from this the increase in different springs
is up to 20 grains per gallon.

!')() :Mi\KK.\r, \v.\TKi;s.

Ill nil tlic iron is the i)i-inci])l(' inuTcdicnt. mikI is held
in solution by cMilxJuic acid. The Wiilor is clcai' aiul
\n\vv when first drawn, hiit soon an ochrooiis scMlimcnt will
1)(' deposited on the liotloin ot" the pail, oi- hy l)oilin_i>',
which is hydrated [x-roxidc of iron, liheratecl !>y the es-
cape of the cai'honic acid. \\y analysis 1 tiiid the inizre-
dients of these spring's the same as that i)re\ioiisly pub-
lished. Thoiiirh well iinprcirnated as a tonic water, and
valiiai)le as such when drank on the premises. Ihc easy
separation of the iron renders it unlit for transportation
to irreat distances, 'i'hosc sj)rinL:'s are not as cohl nor as
reii'ular in the amount of water diseharucd as the sprinir
beloiiii'ini:' to this ^roiip pre\iously describetl, yet arc
never dry. but aic weaker in wet weather, as the amount
of water is iiicreasecl without a perceptibh- increase of
mineral matter.

^fhifrd/ SjiriiKix of Cniicon/. — About one halt" mile
from West ('oiicoi'd. near the road lead iiiii' to ( 'oncord
("oriiers, is a siilphated chalybeate spriiiu" on land now
owned I)y Harvey Jude\ inc. K>(\. This sprinir has been
diiir out, but api)arently not at its head, and now i-iiiis in
an a((ueduct to the dwelling;" of W . ^^'. Osgood, where
they make some use of it for household pur[)oses as there
is no other water easily accessible.

This si)rin_u- issues from the talcose schist formation,
and doubtless derives its sulphurous qualities from the
oxidation of iron pyrites in the strata from which it is-
sues. It is stronirly impre<rnated with sulphuretted hy-
drogen whieh makes the water seem more fully impreg-
nated with mineral matter than the analysis shows. It
contains 23 grains of mineral matter to the gallon, whieh
consists of:

Peroxide of Iron from Protosulphate,

Sulphuric Acid,

Silicic Acid,

Car])onate of Lime,

Carbonate of Soda,

MINP^RAL WATEKS. 151

Sulpliiir, a trace,

Oi'iiiiiiic Matter.
The iiii»Te(lieiit.s of this s[)riug resemble in eonibiiiatiou,
some of the (•(•](>] )iate(l sulphuretted Avaters of (lermaiiy
which have a Avorhl wide re})utation. They arc not how-
ever so strouiily iiu[)regiiated.

Saline SpriiKj. — There is also in West Concord a min-
eral sprinu' on the l)ank of Moose Iviver a few rods above
the l)ridi>e that crosses the river on the farm of \\\\\.
Gould, Es(j., a1)ont midway between West Concord \'il-
hiiife and Saint ,I()hnsl)urv East ^'illaii•e.

This is a saline s[)rinii', ditl'erina' materially from any
other known spring- in this section. It is situated near
the junction of the talcose schists of Concord, and the mi-
ca schists of Waterford, really upon the connecting line,
as near as can be determined, and probably issues from
between the strata. Tt is not a strong mineral water,
containinu' onh' nine and one-fonrth "Tains of mineral
matter to the gallon, and evolves no gas. It consists of:

Carl)onate of Magnesia,

Carbonate of Lime,

Chloride of Sodinm,

Silicon,

Silicic Acid,

Sulphuric .Vcid, and

Organic flatter.
It seems to A'ary from time to time in its proportions,
sometimes being nmch more acid and at others more; alka-
line, and it is consequently of apparently ditferent
strengths. .

This spring has a reputation in the neighl)orliood as ;i
specific for kidney diseases, and dou])tless a regular use
of its waters might be advantageous in dyspepsia also. I
am sure that wonderful cures are narrated of some Ver-
mont springs that really seem of less worth, by analysis,
than this or any other analyzed in I^ssex County. But I
feel that commodious and i)opular hotels ftu* snnuner re-

152 rUYl'TOfJAMOT'S PLANTS.

sort, do nioro to incroasc thr ]K)i)iil;irity of mincnil
.sprinirs tlmii the Ix'st imrrcdicnts ever prcpnrcd in nat-
ure's lahonitorv, :is it is iicccssarv that an invalid shctnld
he j)l('iisod in mind as well as curi-d in liody.

Cafniof/iic of fJri/jtfo;/(nii<>i/s or rioirrrJi-ss /*lftiifs of I '("/•■
/iioiif. \\\ ('has. ('. Frost. lirattlehoro. X'crniont.

{Confhiuetl froui piujc 117.)

:MrsCl.— MossKs.

Hypnum paludosum, Sulliv.
S\vanii)s.

H. triquetrum, L.

On ground in woods.

H. brevirostre, Ehrh.

Mduntain Swamps.

H. splendens, Hedw.

On gi'ound in woods,

H. umbratum, Ehrh.

Sliady r()c-l<,-; and swanijis.

H. Alleghaniense, C. Mull.

liofky maririns of rivuluts.

H. Sullivantii, Spnice.
On rocks in woods.

H. strigosum, Hoffm.

Hillsides in woods.

H. piliferum, Schreb.

On ground &c. in dense woods.

H. Boscii, Schwaegr.

t)n grounds in hilly districts.

H. semilatum, Hedw.

On ground in dry woods.

SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE AND EDITORIAL. ir)3

H. rusciforme, Weis.

^Mountain riviilots.

H. recurvans, Schwaegr.

Decaying loi^s.

H. demissum, Wils.

Moist exposed stones or I'peks.

H. eugyrium, Bryol. Europ.

Ixocks and stones near streams.

H. palustre, L.

Mountain rivulets.

H. ochraceiim, Turner.
Mountain rivulets.

H. cuspidatum, L.

Marshy jilaees.

H. Schreberi, Willd.

On ground in moist woods.

H. cordifolium, Hedw.

S\vani])s.

H. stramineum, Dickson.

Sphagnous swamps.

H. uncinatum, Hedw.
Swamps and bogs.

H. aduncum, Hedw.

Swamps and bogs.

• SCIKXTiriC IXTELLKJEXCE AND EDITORIAL.

EartJiqi(((k(^. — On the 20th of July at live minutes he-
fore one o'ch)ek a. :\i. the shoek of an earthciuake was
felt thronghont New Enghind. In eentral Xcw Hamp-
shire t^vo distinet shocks were felt. In the Connecticut
River A"alle\' the shock was the liardest. The swu\in<r
motion Avas sfreater than on the 2()th of Octol)er 1(S7(), hut
it seemed to do less damage, though ])ells were rung,
doors opened and shut, and other usual disturbances
made. It contimied al^out thirty seconds and was acconi-

154 8CIKXT1F1C INTFXLIfiKNCE AM) KDITOIMAL.

panicd with :i (Iccp rmiibliiii:" sound. In (lie State of
('oniK'ctii'iit it was more severe, breakini:' windows and
doinu" other daniauc

Meethtfj of the Ihirlmonlli MtwoxcopU- (Jhih. — 'Plie semi-
annual ineetin*:' of this Chih was hehl at llanoNcr, Jim.
7th. \'ice President. Prof. L. !>. Hall in the chair.

Di'. 11. A. ('nttinii' read a pajx'!- on (he Pollen hron^'ht
down from the atmosphere in showers. Fii'st : he showed
that nmcji of the ha/iness of the atmosphere is from the
urains of pollen tloatinii" in it : second: though nearly all
of oni' |)lants l)l()ssoin in tin- spiini:-. pollen is found lloat-
inii in the atmosphere (hiriuii" the entire sunnuei" ; third :
that a iireat excess of the iii'ains found at all seasons are
from the Conifers, mostly Pines; ijuest. : A\'her(^ does it
come from so late in the season? Is it retained fresh in
the atmosphere dnrinii' the summei', or does it come from
more northern reiiionsy ('ertainly some pollen iirains
aic tVom l^ui'o})ean veu'etation. This paper was illustra-
te<l hy microsco])ic specimens.

Prof. L. 1). Hall read a })aper on Trichina', giving' their
hahits from ohsei-vatioii and the residt of sovend experi-
ments, sliowinii' that after they were encysted in the nui.s-
cles tliey could not i»e propagated. He had fed to rats
llesh containing:' nndtitudes of encysted trichiuio without
propaiiJiting them, and as the rat was prohably as easily
infected as any animal ; it went far to show tliat they
t'ould not he thus propajrated, conse(]uently the cyst was
a tonih from which the trichina' could not liberate them-
selves. From this he would infer that after a time these
cysts would be al)sorbed by the natural })rocess of ab-
sorption and all trace of the former infection woidd then
l)e lost. This paper was illustrated by microscopic spec-
imens.

Afisociafe Editor. — Dr. II. A. Cutting. State Geologist
and Curator of the State Ca])inet, has recently been added
to our statl* as associate editor.

SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE AND EDITORIAL.

155

DovijphoYa (lecf^)ii-liiteafa . — This pest made its appear-
ance ill Vermont tor the first time, this season. It has
only been seen in small nnmbers on lines of railroad
eominir through from the A\'est. Tt has doubtless l)eeii
transporte(l in the ears briniiina' freii>hts from infested
localities. It seems to relish Vermont potatoes, and
doubtless another season will iiive us a more intimate ac-
quaintance with its hal)its.

JLepidoptin-d. — liist of T>,ej)i(l()ptcra collected in Troy
Vt., during the present season, by James C. Kennedy:

Papilio tnrmis.
" asterias.
('olias cdusa.
Arunnnis ;ii)hr(idite,
" mvrina.

Erebia nci)hele.
Debis amdromacha.
Glaucopis latrcillana.
Deilephila chaniiemerii
Thy reus iiessus.
Clisiocampa decipiens.
Arctia parthenice.

" rubrieosa.

" Isabella.
Orirvia leucostia-ma.
Dasychira clandestina.
Edema albifrons.
})rodncta.
Acoloithus falsarins.

Pieris oleracea.

" rapfi?.
Daiiais archip[)us.
Grapta iuterrouatioiiis.

" comma.
Vanessa antiopa.
" milberti.

Aly])ia .

( 'eratomia (piadricoruis.
Sesia thysbe.
Attacus polyphemus.
Gastropacha americana.
S[)ilosoina acrea.
textor.
virainica.

44
44

Ileterocampa biundata,
Datana ministra.
Xudaria mendica.
Lycomor[)ha pholus.
Lapara bombycoides.

For >Sa/r or LVrhaitf/e.—Dv. H. A. Cutting of Luuen-
burgh, Vt., offers for sale or exchange a great variety of
microscopic objects mounted by the new Damar Method,
specimens of Vermont Minerals and Insects, also a few

l')(! . lUHLIOOItAPlIICAL XOTKKS.

(luplic.'itcs of" Vcrnioiit I*)ir(ls. lie will inoiint s))('cinuMis
to oi'dcr wlicucvcr dc^irccl,

(JlidiKjc of Medical fii>itnicfliiii. — Medical Iiistnictioii in
IIar\":ird riiivorsity Mi'dical Scliool has recent Iv heeii
eliana'cd so that the various l»i"anclies of inc(lical science
are taken n|) l»y the student in a natin-al and systematic or-
der, i'he Course is divi(h'd into three yeai'sithe tirst
\-eai' Anatomy, Physioh)iry .'ind (Jeiieral Cheniistrw are
tai<en up: the .second. Medical ("heniisty. Materia .Mediea,
Patholoiiical Anatomy, 'J'heoi-y and Practice of Medicine,
Sui'irery and Clinical Surucry : the third, I*athoIo<:ical
Anatomy. Thei-ajx-ntics. Ohslctrics, Theory and Pi'actice
of Medicine. Clinical Mecliciiic. Suru'ciy and Clinical
Snrii'crw Ivvaminalions ai-c held at the close of each \('ai'.

j?ii?lio(;rai'IIIcal notices.

Procecdmys of the Second Annual Session of the American FhiloJoyical
Association, held at Rochester, N. Y., Jtdy, 1870.

This Association now consists of alwve 150 members, most of tiicm
occupying linguistic professorships in our colleges. The nxjotings an;
largely atUMidcd, and the matter In'onght before them is varied and of
great importance to that l)rancli of science.

Vermont Historical Gazetteer. — A Magazine embracing a Digest of
the History of each Town, Civil, Educational, Rcdigious, (leohigiciil
and Literary, pp. 1200. Edited and Fubhshed Ijy Abl)y Maria
liemenway, Compiler of "The Poets and Poetry of Vermont." P>ur-
lington, Vt. .«6,00.

This magazine contains besides its voluminous civil and other his-
torical matter, .several p.apers upon the geology, mineralogy, and
physical geograpiiy of Vermont, by resident scientific men. The
Avork has been carried through the pre.ss by the indefatigable ener-

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 157

•

gy ami enterprise of the authoress, and deserves to he encouraged.
It will be found interesting not only to Yernionters, but tf> all lovers
of history.

Transactions of tha Atneriam Ophtliahnoloyical Society. Seventh An-
nual Meeting, Newport, -Inly, 1870. \)\). 151. From Dr. Xoyes, 73
Madison Avenue, New York. $2,00.

This volume contains 25 important articles on Oplithalmolngical
subjects read by the meml)ers at their last meeting. They are illus-
trated by several cuts and diagrams. The authors are mostly emi-
nent practitioners.

The Arncrica'ii Journal of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and
Children. Edited by li. F. Dawson, j\I. D. Associate Editors, E.
Noegerath, ]\I. D., and A. Jaeobi, ,AI. D. Fublished liy Wm. I>ald-
wm & Co. New York. $5,00, yearly.

This is the only journal in America especially devoted to the dis-
eases of Women and Chihlren. It ranks among the ablest of our
country; its matter is mostly original, the quarterly reports are glean-
ings from the best American and Foreign medical litei'ature. No. 1
Yol. 4, contains 192 pages, wliicli is its usual size. The typographical
work is also good.

The Medical World. — A ^Monthly .Jom-nal of American and Foreign
Medical, Physiological, Surgical, and Chemical Literature, Criti-
cism, and News. Edited liy K. A. Yance, M. D. Published l)y
Wm. Baldwin & Co., New York. $1,50 a year.

Report of the Umtcd States Cornmisstoners to the Paris Universal Ex-
position, 1867. Published under Direction of the .'secretary of State
by Authority of the Senate of the I'nited States. Edited by W'ni.
1*. Blake Commissioner of the State of California. 6 Yokmies.
Department of State.

A Tleport on Barracks and Hospitals with Desc?'iption of Military
Posts. Circular No. 4, 1870. pp. 494. Surgeon Generars Ollicc.

Second Anntial Report of the State Board of Health of Mas.sachu-
sctts, Jan. -1871.

New Remedies. A Quarterly Retrospect ot Therapeutics, Pharmacy,
and allied Subjects. lulited by Horatio C. Wood, Jr., M. D. Pro-
fe.s.sor of Medical Botany in the University of Pennsylvania, Pliysi-
eian to the Phibulelphia Hospital, &(;. Published ])y 'Wni. Wmn]
& Co., New York. .$2. per annum.

This work is neatly gotten up and will undoubtedly please many
physicians who have not the opportunities of extensive journal reading.

l■')^< TltANSAC'TIONS OK SOCIKTV.

Medical Kdutntion in America. Beinir tli<' Annual Address read l)(>-
fore tlio Massachusetts Medical Society, Juno 7, 1871. Uj- Henry
.1. l)ig(d()w. ;\I. I).. Professor of Surirery in Harvard rniv<'rsily.

United States Sanitary Commission Memoirs, ("oniiilction of the Sui--
giciil Memoirs of tlie War of tlie Rebellion. Xnl. 2. ("ontaining;
1. Analysis of foin* hundred and thirty-nine recorded .Vnipntations
in the contiguity of the lower e.xlriMuity. l>y Ste|)h(;n Smith. M. D.
1! Investigations upon tlie Nature, C'atises and Treatnient of Hos-
pital (Jangrene as it prevaileij in the ( onfecjerate .\rinies. 18(il-IH(i;j.
IJy Joseph Jones. 'SI. ])., Professor of ("lieniistry in the Medical De-
partments of the Tniversity of Louisiana ; formeidy Surgeon in the
I'rovisionjil Army of the Confederate States. With livc^ chroniolith-
ograpliic plates. 1 vol. 8vo. .^6.50.

Vol. I. Surgical Memoirs contains three treatises hy Dr. IJilell on
the Wounds of the blood vessels, Pyauuia, (>tc. 10 plates. Vnvc
.*r).5(). PiUtlishetl and for -sah^ by III i;i> A: HoriiiiTON. New V(n"k,
'I'llE RiVKKSiDK Pke-Ss, Cambridge.

The scries of the Sanitary Commission .Memoirs is eomprised of:

I. TTistorical ^Memoirs. C. J. Stille. 1 v(d. .*:}. .'>(».

II. .Statistical Memoirs. B. .V. (ionld. I vol. ."^(i.'.O.

III. .Medical Memoirs. Edited by An.stin Flint, .M. D. 1 vol. .•;'(i.5().
I \'. Surgical Memoirs. Edited by I'. II. Hamilton, .M. I). '2 vols.
!ji 13.00.

Any or all of these Vf)lumes can be obtained ot'the publi>hers direct
oi' through anv bookseller.

TKAXSACTIO.XS

or Tin:
OULEAXS COINTY SOClE'rV OF .NATrUAL SCIENCES.

XOVEMHEIJ 1, 1S7().

liegidar Meftimi at ]\'f^sfp'ei(/.
Pi-csideiit HiXM.w in tlic cliaif.
Commimicatioi} . — Kev. Thomas Mackie read a j)apcr on

TltAXSACTIOXS OF SOCIETV. 159

the jNIiuerals of Missisijuoi Valley, accoinpauicd with ex-
planations from nnnierons specimens. He presented
some specimens of aold which he had washed from the
alhivinm in Westlield. Also specimens of gold hearing-
rocks from the same locality.

Drift. — Key. S. E. Hall, LL. D., made scmie observa-
tions on the Drift of Orleans and Franklin comities. He
had noticed stri.e and polished surfaces on the rocks on
the snnmiit of Jay Peak over four thousand feet high.
iNFany boulders from the sandstone formation in Frank-
lin county had come over the peaks of the highest moun-
tains and were distributed over Orleans county and far-
ther southward even as far as Windsor. He made fur-
ther observations on the gold and serpentine rocks in
the Missis(iuoi Valley, there was scarcely a stream in that
section that "-old could not be washed from its l)ed, but
not in sufficient (juantities to pay expences.

(JJimmile. — liev. T. Mackie made some observations
on the specimens of chromite which were presented to
the Society by Thomas Trumpass.

Dendritic Pehhtes. — J, ^I. Currier presented several
specimens of denritic })ebl)les from the alluvial deposits
in I)erl)y near Lake Memphremagog, and remarked upon
their origin.

Botanij. — Mrs. A. A. Smith read a paper on strn<-tnral
botany with a view to the encouragement of a more gen-
eral study of that branch of science.

(Jrijptofjauiia . — T. M. ( "urrier remarked u})on the cryp-
toaamia of this reirion, and exhil)ited some illustrative
microscopic specimens.

Acting Members. — Timothy Holt, (ico. F. Legget and
S. J. Dcmaidson, M. 1)., of Derby, F. Harrington of
(V)ventrv, Kcv. Thomas Mackie, A. H. Richardson and

\C)() TKAXSACTIONS OF SOCIKTV.

X. C. II<>^'t, of ^^'(>stfil'l(l, were diilv elected as actiiiir
inenihers.

JJonati'on.s to ^Insi^unt. — Tarantula, eenti[)e(le and seor-
])i()n from the Indian 'Vvv\\Un-\\ froiu Lh^iif., S. P. ,hH-
h/ii, of the U. S. Aninj : (»') s})eeiinens of shells from
Cape Klizaheth, Poitland, Me., H, from Marhlclicad,
Mass., .'), from A'assalboro. Me., 4!>, from Troy, \'l.,
1 specimen of fossiliferoiis limeston<' from Alhion, Me.,
and m entomolo<.dcMl specimens iVom Troy, \'t., fiSmi
'J. (J. lu'inii'di/ : 1 specimen of calcareous tufa tVom ()\vl"s
Head, 1*. (^., from A. /inm/o// ; i^O specimens oj" rocks
illustrative of the «reneral litholoijical features of Orleans
<-ounty, /"/■'//// ./. ,]/. Curn'cr; 1 turtle shell, and scAcral
specimens of cliromite and serpentine tVom W'estlield,
t'ro/it 'I. II. Millt-r; 1 specimen of lahiose slate sliowinjjf
a foldiuii' <>t the stiata to a very acule an<rle, from ('Jarlc
J [ilrJtcorh.

Archives of Science.

Vol. I. OCTOBER, 1872. No. V.

Catalogue of the Flowering Plants of Vermont. By
George H. Perkins, Ph. D., Professor of Zoology,
Geology and Botany, in the University of
Vermont.

The "History of Vermont" by Zadock Thompson,
published in 1842, contains an interesting and valua-
ble chapter on the "Botany of Vermont" in which a
very excellent list of the plants of the state is given.
However complete such a list may have been at the
time of its publication it must necessarily be more or
less deficient after the lapse of thirty years. During
this time new species have been introduced, others
have been discovered, some that were supposed to be
very limited in range have been found in many new-
localities, the scientific naming and arrangement has
changed somewhat, and so a new catalogue of the
plants of the state will not be without value. The

1 62 VERMONT FLORA.

list just mentioned has been freely consulted and so
much of it as seems best has been incorporated in
that which follows. The extensive herbarium of the
late Prof. Joseph Torrcy has also furnished material
aid in the present list A list of the Cryptogamous
plants of the state, including, thus far, the Acrogens,
has been published during the past year in tliis Jour-
nal by Mr. Chas. C. P>ost of Brattleborough, and to
the kind assistance of this gentleman, who has for quite
a number of years studied the Flora of this state, much
that is of value in this list is due. And the writer
takes pleasure in acknowledging that, although he
has collected and studied by far the larger part of the
species here given, yet the assistance derived from
the sources mentioned has been so great, that it is
proper for him to claim but a small share of what-
ever credit may be due the work.

A full exhibit of the synonymy of each species has
been deemed unnecessary but, when synonymcs have
occured which are of nearly equal authority as the
name adopted, such arc given in connection with it.
Popular names of such species as have received them,
are given but no attempt has been made to furnish
common names for plants that have none. Intro-
duced species are indicated by a star (*), and syno-
nymcs by smaller type. If any one who may meet
with this list has any corrections or additions to offer,
they will be most thankfully received.

Class I, EXOGENS.

Group I, POLYPETALOUS ANGIOSPERMS.

Order— RANUNCULACE^.

Clematis verticillaris, DC. Atragene americana,
Linn. Ajucrican Atragene. Occurs sparingly in

VERMONT FLORA. 1 63

open woods or, more commonly, in shaded, rocky
ground. Blooms about the middle of May.
C. ViORNA, Wild. Given in Thompson's list as found
at Castleton by Mrs. Carr, also found abundantly
just across the Connecticut river from Brattlebo-
rough on Wantastiquet Mountain on a sheltered
southern slope by C. C. Frost.

C. ViRGINlANA, L. Cominon clanatis. Abundant
along the borders of streams and in damp open
ground where it climbs over alders and other
shrubs or trees. July.

Anemone MULTIFIDA, DC. Cleft anemone. Com-
mon about Burlington in rocky soil, but rare else-
where in the State. May.

A. CYLINDRICA, Gray. Anemone. Found sparingly
in quite a number of localities. June.

A. Virginiana, L. Loiig-frnited anemone. Com-
mon in dry soil. June. Var. ALBA is also common.

A. NEMOROSA, L. Wind Flower. Very abundant
especially in open woods and on shaded banks.
April.

A. Pennsylvanica, L. Common. June or July.
Hepatica TRILOBA, Chaix. Liverwort. Hepatiea.
Very abundant and variable in color. April. . •

H. TRILOBA, Chaix., var. ACUTA. H. ACUTILOBA,
DC. Not so common as the preceding of which
it seems to be only a variety as I have found speci-
mens distinctly "acutj loba" growing with the
typical "triloba" and with these, intermediate
forms. April.

TllALlCTRUM anemonoides, Michx. Anemone tha-
lictroides, L. Rne anemone. Woods. April and
May. Brattleborough. C. C. Frost.

T. DIOICUM, L. Meadow Rue. Common on rocky
hillsides and along streams. June.

1 64 VERMONT FLORA.

T. COKNUTI, L. Meadoiv Rue. Very common on
interval and meadow land. July.

Ranunculus aquatills, L., var. capillaceus.
Ranunculus divaricatus, Schr. Water -Crowfoot.
Slow streams. June.

R. MULTiFiuus, Pursh. R, Purshii, Rich. Not un-
common in ponds and sluggish streams. May.

R. Flam.mULA, L., var. REPTANS, Gray. R. rep-
tans, L. Rocks along the shore of Lake Cham-
plain and borders of large streams. July.

R. ABORTIVUS, L. Common in shaded places. May.

R. sceleratus, L. Cursed Crowfoot. Not common.
June.

R. RECURVATUS, Poir. Early Crowfoot. Moist hill-
sides. June.

R. Penn.sylvanicuS/»L. Common in low ground.

July

R. FASCICULARIs, Muhl. Early Crowfoot. Low
moist ground; not common. April.

R. REPENs, L. Creeping Croivfoot. Not common;
low grounds; June.

R. •BULBOSUS, L. Rare; hillsides; June.

R. •acris, L. Common Buttercups. Very common
everywhere Last of June.

Caltiia I'ALUSTKIs, L Cowslip. Marsh Marigold.
Very abundant in wet ground. April.

CoPTIs TRIFOLIA, Salisb. Goldthread. Very com-
mon in clearings and about the borders of groves
and open woods. May.

Trollius lax is, Salisb. Globe Floiver. There is
one specimen of this species in the herbarium of
the University of Vermont with the Vermont flow-
ers but no locality is given.

Aquilegl\ Canadensis, L. Columbine. Very com-

VERMONT FLORA. 1 65

mon in rocky places. May. It is sometimes found
with white flowers.

AcT^A SPICATA, L., vaf. RUBRA, Michx. Red Banc -
berry. Not very common ; rocky hillsides ; last of
June.

A. ALBA, Bigel. White Bancberry. More common
than the preceding; occurs in the same localities.

CiMlciFUGA RACEMOSA, Ell. Black Suakcroot. Rare;
rocky woods and on mountains; July.

Order— MAGNOLIACE^.

LiRlODENDRON TULIPIFERA, L. TiiHp Tree. White
Wood. Rare; found only in Bennington County,
Valley of the Hoosac river by Mrs. Carr, and on
the South side of Mt. Anthony in Pownal by C. C.
Frost, but Thompson says, in the appendix to his
History of Vermont, that, "formerly it was not
rare in the southern part of the State."

Order— MENISPERMACE^.

Menispermum Canadense, L. Moon-seed. Com-
mon, especially in the northern part of the state.
June.

Order— BERBERIDACE/E.

Caulophyllum THALICTROIDES, Michx. Leontice
thalictroides, L. Pappoose Root. Common on rocky
hillsides; June.

Podophyllum peltatum, L. May Apple. Man-
drake. Not common ; May.

Order— NYMPHvEACEyE.

Brasenlv peltata, Pursh. Water Shield. Ponds.
July.

1 66 VERMONT FLORA.

NympH/EA odor ATA, L. Po/ui Lily. Common in
still water; July.

NUPIIAR ADVENA, Ait YclLoiu Poiid Lily. Ponds,
common; June.

N. Kalmiana, Pursli. N. lutea, var. Kalmiana, T.
and G. Ycllozu Lily. Interval lands, in pools;
Burlington; Torrey; July.

Order— SARRACENIACE/E.

Sarracenia purpurea, L Pitcher Plant. Sidc-
Saddlc Floivcr. Very common in bogs; July.

Order— PAPAVERACEyE.

*Chelidonium majus, L. Cclandiuc. Common
about dwellings along roadsides; June.

Sanguixaria Canadensis, L. Blood-root. Common,
especially in the northern part of the State; May.

Order— FUMARIACEyE.

AdlumIA .CIRRIIOSA, Raf. Mountain Fringe. Not

very common; July.
DlCENTRA cucullaria, DC. Dutchman s Breeches.

Quite common in damp woods; May.

D. Canadensis, DC. Squirrel Corn. Not so com-
mon as the preceding; May.

Corydalis GLAUCA, Pursh. Corydalis. Not com-
mon; grows in dry rocky places; June.

C. AUREA, Willd. Golden Corydalis. More com-
mon than C. glauca; rocky woods; June.

{Continued in the next number.)

BOTANICAL NOTES. 1 67

1

Botanical Notes, Containing a Description of a New
Trillium. By Edward T. Nelson, Ph. D., Profes-
sor of Zoology, Geology, and Botany, in the Ohio
Wesleyan University.

No doubt every collector's experience is much the
same as my own. Eyery season he will notice varia-
tions in plants not recorded in botanical works, pecu-
liarities in growth, colpr, or size, small things in
themselves yet of interest to all who are likewise en-
gaged. There is a brotherhood in science and thus the
private property of each soon becomes the public
property of all. During the Summer of 187 1 I no-
ticed a few points of^intcrest connected with Indiana
flowers, and some of the more interesting I shall
mention in this article.

Mistletoe. [Phorodcndron jlavcscejis.) This par-
asitic plant being rather abundant I took occasion
during the Summer to note, first: On what trees is it
found?, second: Does it seem to injure them? I find
that the habits of this plant vary in different places
in regard to the trees upon v/hich it makes its home.
In southern Indiana, as far as my observations go, it
is never found on the Oaks, while in other parts of
the State and the West it is chiefly found on the
Oak. It would be of interest to determine whether
there is any difference in the plants growing in differ-
ent localities. I observed hundreds if not thousands
of trees, with special reference to the question and
did not find a single Oak covered by the parasite
although the oaks were well represented in the forest.
In a contracted area where the trees could be easily
counted I found that out of one hundred and' twenty
trees burdened with the Mistletoe one hundred and
nine were Elms, mostly the Ulmns Americana,
but now and then the Ulmus fulva, nine were the
common Sweet Locust {Gledilschia triacanthns), one

r

1 68 BOTANICAL NOTES.

was the common Locust {Robinia psciidacacia •) and
one the Walnut {Jjiglans nigra). This proportion is
not far from correct for tlie whole forest I should
judge.

As to the second question: "Does the Mistletoe in-
jure the trees upon which it grows." The general
impression, among those who have observed the
growth of the parasite, is that it does not injure forest
trees in the least. I think however this is an errone-
ous vicAv. Forest trees have a vast amount of vitality,
nor are we able to judge of the latent strength of a
tree. For three reasons trees do seem to withstand the
attacks of the Mistletoe, and even grow luxuriantly
when every branch has one of tSiese parasites cling-
ing to it. But I have had the good fortune to ob-
serve a few trees almost completely covered by this
plant. In every such case the leaves of the tree were
few in number and very small as compared with
those of other trees. The topmost branches were
either dead or nearly so, while the whole tree seemed
to have lost its strength. I have also noticed some
dead trees covered with Mistletoe but can not say
positively that this was the sole cause of its death.
In the trees now completely covered by the Mistletoe
it appears as if the leaves of the plant were taking
the place, at least partially, of the leaves of the trees,
thus indicating that the sap is being thus exposed to
the carbonic acid of the atmosphere. There are ma-
ny points connected with the growth of this parasite
which are unknown as yet.

Variation in Trillium .ses.sile. — The Trillium
is one of the most variable of flowers, and owing to
the large size of the plants, the nature of the varia-
tion can easily be detected. In many cases the cause
of the variation can also be detected. During the
past summer the Trilliiini sessile was very abundant
and also very variable. I estimate that not less than

BOTANICAL NOTES. 169

two per cent of the specimens were either in "fours"
or "fives." I was early led to suspect that these so-
called monstrosities were caused by the coalescence
of two embryos. And if this be true it very satisfac-
torily accounts for such abnormal forms as are now
and then met with where the union of the parts is so
complete that we fail to discover the coalescence. A
very beautiful specimen of the species just mentioned
was found with all the parts in "fives." Of the leaves
there was one which was double the thickness of either
of the others. This was so evident that it could be
detected by the touch as well as by the eye. On
drying this thickened leaf partially separated into two
leaves of the ordinary form and thickness. The cor-
responding petals and sepals were also thickened but
hardly as much so as the leaf, nor did they show any
signs of separation on drying. The stamen which
corresponded in position was only slightly if any larg-
er than the others, but this follows the well-known
law that the essential organs vary less than the floral
coverings.

A cross-section of the stem also presented evidence
to prove the plant a double one. The stronger and
larger stem was concave on one side and into this
concavity the other stem fitted, the whole being cov-
ered by the dermal and epidermal coats. All the
specimens in "fours" presented two of each set of or-
gans thickened, some of them very decidedly so.
Such union of embryos (if this view be correct) must
be much more common in the vegetable than in the
animal kingdom. It would be of interest to science to
determine what proportion of the abnormal forms of
plants is due to such coalescence of embryos and what
proportion is to be still considered "sports of nature."
Aris^ma TRIPHYLLUM. {Indian Turnip.) — A
monstrous form of this species is worthy of note.
Gray calls it a "low plant" and such it usually is, but

170 BOTANICAL NOTES.

plants two feet to two and a half feet high were very
common. One specimen measured three feet and
nine inches in hight, with scape five inches in cir-
cumference, and spadi.x as large, and much resem-
bling an car of corn. No specimens at this locality
were as small as given by Wood (8'- 12') or Darby
(io'-i2'). Yet I could find no differences worthy of
note, except size, between this form and the de-
scribed species.

Albinos are to be expected occasionally in many
species, so that recording them seems hardly neces-
sary, yet I will mention a few which came under my
notice the past Summer. Viola ciicnllata: on one
hillside a pure white variety had taken the place of
the more common "blue" variety. The centre of the
flower was of a delicate lemon-yellow, lateral petals
strongly bearded, leaves penciled with purple, other-
wise as the viola aicnllaia. Honstonia cccrnlca: white
specimens of this species were also common.' Dclplii-
niiun tricornc was occasionally found with white flow-
ers and this variety always had a many-flowered ra-
ceme. I think the flowers were one half as numerous
again as the ordinary form. Trifoliiim pratcnsc:
white heads were ccmmon everywhere. Phlox diva-
ricata was now and then found with white flowers,
also the variety of Wood, Phlox iMphamii, which, by
the way, does not seem to be a very constant variety,
as I have noted the same plant bearing flowers with
entire petals, and flowers with the "notched" petals.
All possible gradations between the two forms were
to be met with.

A New Trillium. — During the past season a
very interesting variety of the Trilliitin was found
near Hanover Indiana, which is deserving of notice.
The Trilliinii is one of our most variable genera,
as I have already attempted to show, but the

VERMONT BIRDS. I /I

present form differs so notably from all described
species that it must rank as a new one if the charac-
ters arc constant. Not less than a dozen specimens
were seen all agreeing in characters.

The plant was from one to two feet high. The
leaves sessile or nearly so, rhombic ovate in shape,
abruptly acuminate and tapering. The peduncle
which was large even for this genus was nearly as
long as the flower, and deflexed beneath the leaves.
The petals were colored a rich dark purple, were
ovate and pointed, much longer and more than twice
as broad as the sepals. On all the specimens which I
saw the sepals were slightly bordered with purple,
and were rather more lanceolate than the petals,
styles separate, stigmas strongly reflexed and as long
as the stamens.

While this species has not quite the beauty of the
pure Trillium grandijionun it is among the most in-
teresting species of this genus. If it has not already
,a name let it be called the Trillimn Indianum, in
honor of the State where first found. I would not
forget to give the credit for first finding the species to
Mr. A. Young, of Madison Indiana, to whom I was
indebted for many favors during the past season.

Catalogue of, and Observations on the Birds of Ver-
mont. By Rev. Daniel Goodhue, Londonderry,

Vermont.

(Continued from page 105.)

Pandion Carollxensis, Bonap.
FisJi Haiuk.

The Fish-hawk is a native of the southern States.
It is noted for its industry, and is a friend to the agri-

172 VERMONT BIRDS,

culturist Its food is animal, but robs none of its
feathered tribe of their young, and seldom, if ever,
known to injure tliem, and is such a friend to them
that tlie Grakles, or Crow Blackbirds build their nests
among the interstices of the sticks of which its own
nest is constructed, both families living in perfect
friendship. It is an enemy of the White-headed, or
Bald Eagle who robs it of its food, and when joined
with others, drives it from its fishing ground. Its nest is
of enormous size, built of sticks, stalks of corn, sea weed
and grasses, from four to five feet deep to two and
three feet in breadth. This bird visits Vermont in
the Spring, spending the Summer catching fish, and
exhibits great skill upon the wing while sporting.
Dr. Currier informs me that this bird is very abun-
dant around Lake Memphremagog, where it is ex-
ceedingly fond of living and breeding.

BUTEO LINEATUS, Jardine.
Red- shouldered Jlaiuk.

This bird is a native of Vermont, and is sometimes
called the Red Hen Hawk. It builds its nest about
the size of that of the Crow, on the top of a very tall
tree, and is seldom seen from the woqds. It lives
principally on animal food, such as squirrels, mice,
small birds, and occasionally poultry.

AcciPlTER CooPERii, Bonap.
Cooper's Haivk.

This is a very common bird in Vermont, called the
Hen Hawk from the fact of its catching our hens and
chickens near the buildings. Its nest resembles that
of the Red-shouldered Hawk, and is built in the top
of a very tall tree. It lays usually but two eggs, and
are quite large in size in proportion to the bird. It
is usually looked upon as an enemy rather than a

VERMONT BIRDS. 173

friend to the agriculurist, though this is doubted, in
consideration of the mice, squirrels and other animals
destructive to vegetation, which it kills for food.

Bute6 Pennsylvanicus, Bonap.
Broad-ivingcd Hawk.

This Hawk is a native of our State. Its nest re-
sembles that of the preceding species, and lays from
four to five eggs. This bird is rather rare, and when
seen is often sailing very high in the atmosphere with-
out any perceptible motion of the wings. At times it
appears to remain perfectly motionless, but after a mo-
ment or two a slight motion of the wings may be
perceived. After a shoit time it will be seen to move
sometimes slowly and at others rapidly, through the
air, with scarcely any motion of its wings. Frequently
two miiy be seen in company.

Acci PITER i-uscus, Bonap.
SJiavp-shinncd Ilazok.

This Hawk is a native of Verm.ont, and is more us-
ually called the Chicken Hawk, taking its name from
its habit of catching chickens. It is also called Pigeon
Hawk. It is not with us a very rare bird. It may
often be seen in llie Summer carrying off a small
chicken or sparrow.

FalcX) anatum, Bonap.
Great-footed Hazuk.

This rare bird is known to visit all the northern
States. It is called the Duck Hawk from the fact of
its seeking the duck beside the lakes and rivers, as
one of its favorite luxuries. Its strength is very great,
especially in its feet or claws. It is a common terror
to other birds. It is nearly identical with the Euro-
pean species.

1/4 VEKMON'T BIRDS.

ASTUK ATKICAPILLl'S, Bonap.
Goshmck.

This bird is known only in the northern parts of the
State. It is distinguished for its brutish disposition.
It has been known to devour its own young, hence is
called a cannibal.

Circus Hudsonius, Vieill.
Marsh Hawk.

This Hawk resembles very nearly the so called Hen
Hawk, in its manner of living and capturing its food.
It is found in low, wet, marshy swamps, more than
other I lawks, and no doubt but for this reason it takes
its name. IL is highly valued in the southern States
as a protector of the rice fields from rice birds.

BlTEo 1)URK.\I,IS, Vieill.
Rcd-tailcd Hawk.

This species is a native of our State. It is .shy and
much like other Hawks in its mode of living. Its
nest resembles that of the Crow.

Hvi'uTRiuRCllIS CULUMDARIUS, Gray.
Pigeon Hawk.

This bird takes its name from its habit of seeking
the Pigeon for its food. It also preys upon our Robin
and other small birds. It is not supposed to be a na-
tive of Vermont.

Cari'udacus ruRPUREUs, Gray.
Purple Fineh.

This bird has become quite common throughout
this State, it is no unusual thing to see one or two
pairs about a dwelling in a season.

BIBLIOGKAl'IIICAL NOTICES. 1/5

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.

The Birds of New England and adjacent States. Containing
descriptions of the birds of New England and adjacent States
and provinces, arranged by a long- approved classification and
nomenclature; together with a histoiy of their habits, time of
arrival and departure, their distribution, food, song, time of
breeding, and a careful and accurate description of their nests
and eggs; with illustrations of many species of the birds, and
accurate figures of their eggs. By Edward A. Samuels, Cura-
tor of Zoology in the Massachusetts State Cabinet. Fifth
edition, revised and enlarged, pp. 591. Noyes, Holmes & Co.
Boston, Mass.
This volume has been piepared with a v. lw of furnishing to all
a work devoid of technicalities, and of a moderate price. The
student in ornithology has here a very convenient manual to aid
him. Synonyms, description, and accounts of the habits, of
each species are given in a short yet sufficient space. The plates
and wood-cuts arc as good and numerous as can be afforded for
the price of the work. The t)pographical work is good, but the
binder has been unusually lavish with his ornamentations.

Third Annual Report on the Noxious, Benejicial and Other In-
sects of the State of Missouri. Made to the State Board of
Agriculture, pursuant to an appropriation for this purpose
from the Legislature of the State. By Chas. V. Riley, State
Entomologist, pp. 1 76. 76 illust: atior.s. From Missouri
State Times.
Much has been done by Mr. Riley \\\ disseminating a practical
knowledge of entomology. The work before us is replete with
new and useful facts brought out by him, during the previous
year. Agriculturists and horticulturists have, in these reports
information specially adapted to their interests.

First ^innual Report of the Board of Coniniissioners of the
Department of Public Parks, for the \'ear ending May i
1 87 1, pp. 427.
Numerous plates, maps, wood-cuts nnd photographs illustrate
this work. An account of what has been done the previous year
and of what is intended to be done in future on Central Park we
are informed. A list of the animals in the menagerie is also
added.

176 CIIir.IOGRAl'IIICAL NOTICES.

Circular, A^o. 3. A Report of the Surgical Cases treated in the
Army of the United States from 1865 to 1871. pp. 296.
Government Printing Office.

Mines, Mills, and Frtrnaccs of the Pacific States and Terri-
tories. An account of the condition, resources, and methods
of the mining and metalhirgical industry in those regions,
chiefiy relating to the precious metals. I<y Rossiter W. Ray-
mond, Ph. D. J. B. Ford & Co. kew York.
This is a report of the condition of the niines and mining opera-
tions west of the Rocky Mountains, for 1870. Several plates
and cuts illustrating the machinery used are added.

The Anatomy and IIistoloi:;y of the Human Eye. 13y A. Metz,
M. I)., Professor of Ophthalmology in Cliarity Hospital Medi-
cal College, Cleveland, Oh-io. pp. 184. Published at the Of-
fice of the Med'ual and Suri^ieal Reporter. Philadelphia.
We give only the contents of this work: — Anatomical description
of the e\e ; visual aparatus — the eyeball ; fibrous tunic ; choroid ;
corpus ciliare; musculus eiliaris; iris; retina; crystalline lens;
corpus vitreum ; acpieous humor; orbit; muscles of the eye; ac-
tions of muscles of the eye; optic nerve; arteries; vems; nerves;
eyelids; conjunctiva; lacrymal gland. This work was prepared
.IS a te.xt book on the eye for v.hich it is admirably adapted.

.1 Treatise on Diseases of the Xervous System. l)y William
A. Hammond, M. IJ., Professor of Diseases of the Mind and
Nervous System and Chnicul Medicine in the Bellevue Hos-
pital Medical College, &.c. pp. 754. 45 illustrations. D. Ap-
pleton & Co. 549 & 551 Broadway, New York.
This work treats of: — Cerebral congestion; cerebral amemia; cer-
ctiral hiemorrhage; meningeal hiemorrhage; partial cerebral
anaemia from obliteration of cerebral arteries; cerebral softening;
aphasia; acute cerebral meningitis; tubercular cerbral meningi-
tis; supurative encephalitis or cerebretis; diffused cerebral sclero-
sis; multiple cerebral sclerosis; tumors of the brain; insanity;
spinal congestion; spinal anaemia; spinal haemorrhage; spinal
meningitis; acute myelitis; spinal softening; sclerosis of the an-
tero-lateral columns of the spinal c6rd ; sclerosis of the posterior
columns of the spinal cord ; tumors of the spinal cord ; secondary
degenerations of the spinal cord; tetanus; hydrophobia; epi-
lepsy; catalepsy; ecstacy; chorea; hysteria; multiple cerebro-
spinal sclerosis; athetosis; progressive muscular atrophy; glosso-
labio-laryngeal paralysis; organic infantile paralysis; paralysis
agitans; lead paralysis; peripheral paralysis; peripheral spasm;
peripliLial ana:sthcsia; and peripheral hypertesthesia..

];i!;i.i()(jKAriiic.\i. notices. 177

Cancer, its Classification and Remedies. By J. W. Bric^lit,
M. I), pp. T91. Published by S. W. T]utlcr, M. L). Phila-
delphia, Pn.
The author brings forward the views of various authors upon his
subject, expresses his own views in relation to the patholot;y and
treatment, and reports a large number of cases to substantiate
his particular mode. Several kindred subjects n,re also touched
upon.

Hand- Book of Skin Diseases. I'y Dr. Isidor Neumann, Docent
an der K. K. Universitat in Wien. Translated from the sec-
ond German edition, with Notes, by Lucius D. Bulkley, A. M.,
M. D., Surgeon to the New York Dispensary, Department of
Venereal Diseases and Skin Diseases etc. etc. pp. 467. 66
Wood-cuts. Published by D. Apyib ton .S: Co. 549 6^-551
Broadway, New York.
The diseases treated in this work are divided into nine classes:
I, anomalies of secretion; 2, infiamation; 3, hivmorrhages; 4,
hypertrophies; 5, atrophies; 6, new formations; 7, pigmentary
anomelies; 8, neuroses; 9, parasitic diseases. One might infer
from the title of this book that it is merely a practical work for
a busy practitioner, giving attention mostly to diagnosis and
treatment, but it is more tii;in that, the pathological anatomy
receives much more attention than any other woik published in
this country. It is carried cpiite in ad\-ancc of the general pro-
fession, and will be found a reliable authority.

Anccsthesia, Hospitalism, Hermap/irGditsvi, and a Proposal to
Stamp out Small-pox and other Contat^ions Diseases. By
Sir James Y. Simpson, Bart., M. D., D. C. L., Late Professdr
of Midwifery in the University of I-'.dinburgh. Edited by Sir
W. G. Simpson Bart., B. A., Scholar of Gonville and Caius
College. Cambridge. Pul)lishcd by 1). Applcton vS: Co. 549
& 551, Broadway, New York.
The article on anaesthesia is a collection of the pa'pers written by
Prof Simpson from the time of the discovery of anaesthesia and
its employment in surgery, up to 1S70, the date of the last
paper. They relate to the history, defence, application and au-
thenticity of the discovery of anaesthesia and ancesthetic agents ;
The subject of Hospitalism shows the advantage of private prac-
tice over hospital in amputations, also the increased mortality in
all diseases, in hospitals, and how our hospitals could be made
more salubrious.

Nciirali^ia and tlic J)iseasrs tliat Rescrnble it By Francis E.
Anstie, M. D. (London.) Fellow of the Royal College of Phy-

178 IJIP.LKKJKArillCAL NOTICES.

sicians, &c, &c. Published by 1). Apjilcton ^: Co. 449 & 551

Uroadway, New York.
This work of 362 pages, treats cxliaiistively of the clinical his-
tory, complications, pathology, etiology, diagnosis, prognosis
and treatment of neuralgia. The diseases that resemble it, and
arc mentioned, are: spinal irritation; pains of hypochondriasis;
locomotor ataxy; cerebral abscess; alcoholism; subacute and
chronic rheumatism; latent gout; cholic; pains of peripheral
irritation ; and dyspeptic headache. The work is very systemat-
ically arranged, and neatly gotten up.

.Wxhrii Medical Tlicrapciiihs. A Compendium of Recent
Formulae, and Specific Therapeutical Directions. By Geo.
H. Napheys, A. M., M. I). Third Edition, revised and im-
proved. Published by S. W. P.uilrr, M. 1). 115 South Sev-
enth Street, Philadelphia.
This edition is much larger than tlic i)revious one. Dr. Napheys
has taken great pains to collect into this volume, recent pre-
scriptions of eminent physicians from the various parts of the
world. Under each disease the appropriate prescriptions will be
found. There are three indexes, one of remedies, another of
diseases, and a third of autliors.

.1 Gratiintir 1/ //!<■ Gfii'k Laiiji^iiai^^c. For the use of Schools
and Colleges. I5y Alpheus Crosby, Professor Emeritus of the
Greek Language nnd Litcrnfure in Dartmouth College. Re-
vised Edition. From J. W. C. Gilman, General Agent for
Introduction. 32 Broomfield Street, Boston.
This work has been long the standard authority in many of our
schools and colleges. Several changes have been made in the
typogrni)hy of it which facilitates the labor of the student and
adds much to the appearance of the book.

The Detection of Cnininal .Ihortion, and a Study of Fujficidal
Drit^i^s. By Ely Van De Warker, M. D. Published by
James Campbell, 18 Tremont Street, Boston.

The Physician's Annual for \?,-]2. A Complete Calender for
the City and Country Practitioner. Published by S. W. But-
ler, M. D. Philadelphia.

The Physician's Daily Pocket Record. . Comprising a Visiting
List, many useful memoranda, tables, etc. By S. W. Butler,
M. D., Pubiishler, Philadelphia.

The Physician's Diary. Containing a Visiting List, Diary and
Daily Memoranda, Obstetric and Vaccination Records, etc.
Published by Tilden cS: Co. New Lebanon, N. Y.

TRANSACTIONS OF SOCIETY. 1 79

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

ORLEANS COUNTY SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES.

January n, 1871.

Regular Meeting at West CJiarleston.

President HiNMAX in the chair.

Peat Bog. — Rev. S R. Hall read a paper on the peat
deposits in Orleans County, in which he showed their
usefulness as fertilizers. Many of them were under-
laid by extensive beds of shell marl, others by a stra-
tum of clay or caravel. In some places these deposits
were found to be more than one hundred feet deep,
but usually the average was from seven to ten feet.
Manganese was a constant ingredient in most of the
beds, which, however, he considered disadvantageous
as a manure. lie founil phosphate of lime in very
small quantities in nearly cvey locality In Brown-
ington he dug oTit numerous billets of beaver-knawed
wood, six inches in diameter, and seven feet below
the surface of the V.)()g These billets were of a differ-
ent species from any fmuul in that region or even in
Vermont anywhere at the present time.

Donations to Museum. — Twr) s])ecimens of serpen-
tine and one of copper ore from \\\c Huntington Mine,
Quebec, Canada, froui li. I [arrington ; 3 undeter-
mined crysalids, from J. C. Kennedy.

E'Keu'rsions. — J M C'urrier mailc some obervations
on the' entomo](igy of Vermont, stating that but a lit-
tle had been done in that branch of science in this
State, suggested that during the coming Summer sev-
eral excursions be made f-r the purpose of collecting
specimens and stuying species. The Society voted
so to do> ,

i8o iKAN^Ai m »\s or stx ii;ia'

March 14. 1S71.

Ri^gn/ar Meeting ixt Dcrhy.

President IITNMAN in the cliair

Donations to Mnscnni. — Several specimens of lime-
stone from Owl's Mead, showint,' fossil shells and
corals, so chanLjed by heat siibsecjiient to their dejio-
sition as to nearly obliterate their true features, while
others in the same rock had been but little effected by
that agency ; i cont^lomerate boulder from Newport,
the pebbles of which seeme'd to have been sharp and
angular at the time of formation and were roundetl off
by the injection of lava: //v;/-: J. M. Currier, 4 en-
tomological specimens, //vw J C. Kennedy; i speci-
men of clay-slate from VVestfiekl and claimed to be
superior to any other ([uarry in this country for slate
\>c\\z\\s, from D. Goodhue, i boulder of hornblende in
calciferous micaschist from Ilollantl, the former was in
beautiful large feathery crystals which stood out in re-
lief on the surface from the weathering out of the
latter; the stone was broken up and the largest jjart
deposited in the State Cabinet; //vw Joseph Bates.

Archives of Science.

Vol, I. JAN. & APR., 1873. No. VI.

Catalogue of the Floivcring Plants of Vermont. By
George H. Perkins, Ph. D., Professor of Zoology,
Geology and Botany, in the University of
Vermont. Burlington.

(Continued from page 166. j

Order— CRUCIFERyE.

Nasturtium palustre, DC. Marsh Cress. Wet
meadows, bogs and borders of brooks; July.

N. I'ALUSiKi:, var. HISPIDUM. N. hispidum, DC.
Borders of ponds.

N. l.ACUSTl^E, Gray. Lake Cress. Amoracia Ameri-
cana, Arn. N. NATANS, var. Americanum, Gray.
In shallow water on the borders of Otter Creek
near Vergennes where it is abundant for several
miles; Robbing, Torrcy, Frost; July.

1 82 VERMONT FLORA.

N. *ArmoracIA, Fries. Armoracia rusticana, Rupp.
Horseradish. Common about old gardens and
near dwellings where it has escaped from cultiva-
tion; June.

Dentaria DIPHYLLA, L. ^'ppcr-voot. River banks;
rare; last of May.

D. .maxima, Nutt. The only specimens of this rare
species that have come under my observation are
a half dozen that I discovered in a ravine near Bur-
lington; June.

D. LAt:i>^lATA, Muhl \Vc|ods and interval meadows;
rather common; May.

Cardamine rhomboidea, DC. Bitler Cress. Moist
ground ; not common ; May.

C. ROTUNDIFOLIA, Michx. Water Cress. Reported
as found in Vermont by Dr. Robbins.

C. PRATEXSis, L. Cite Leo- Floioer. Occurs chiefly
in the northern part of the state; May.

C. IIIRSUTA, L. Covimon Cress. Common in wet
places; last of May.

Arabls lvkata, L. Not common; May.

A. IIIRSUTA, Scop. Not common; last of May.

A. L.KVKJATA, DC. Not common; rocky ground;
June.

A. Caxaukxms, L. Sickle-pod. Rocks near Win-
ooski Falls, Colchester; Prof J. Torrey; June.

A. perfoliata, Lam. Rocky ground; June; C. C. Frost.

Bardarea vulgaris, R. Br. Winter Cress. Mead-
ows ; rather common ; last of May.

Erysimum ciieiraxtiioides, L. False Wall-
Flozuer. Brattleborough ; C. C. Frost.

Sisymbrium *officixale, Scop. Common along
roadsides; June.

S. Tiialiaxum, Gaud. Arabis Thaliana, L. Mouse-
ear Cress. Rocky and sandy places; A Wood.

VERMONT FLORA. 1 83

Brassica *sinapistrum, Bois. Sinapis arvensis, L.

Field Mustard. Not very common.
B. *nigra, Gray. Sinapis nigra, L. Black Mustard.

Common about cultivated grounds; June.

Draba ARABISANS, Michx. Rare; shores and islands

of Lake Champlain, and Willoughby Lake; Wood;

May.
D. VERNA, L. Whitlozv- Grass. Willoughby Lake;

Wood.
Camelina *sativa, Crantz. False Flax. Old fields,

and Meadows; common.
Capsella ■*Bursa-PASTORIS, Mcench. Shepherd's

Purse. Very common everywhere; May.

Lkpidium Virginicum, L. Pepper-grass. Not
\'c;'y Common; June.

L. RUUERALE, L. Dry ground; rare; near lake
sh o re B u r 1 i n gto n ; J u n e .

Rapiianus rapiianistru:m, L. Wild Radish. Cul-
tivated ground; June.

IsATis *TlNCTORIA, L. "Banks and islands of Win-
ooski river near Burlington;" Prof Torrey.

CAPPARIDACE/E.

POLANISIA GRAVEOLENS, Raf Common along the
shady shores of Lake Champlain ; July.

VIOLACE/E.

Viola rotundifoll\, Michx. / lue Violet. Not
common; woods; last of April.

V. BLANDA, L. White Violet. Very common in
wet places; April.

V. Selkirkii, Goldie. Cedar swamps, Grand Isle,
Valcour's Island, and other islands in Lake Cham-
plain, also near the base of Montreal Mountain,
P. Q. May.

1 84 VERMONT FLORA.

V. cucULLATA, Ait. Common Blue Violet. Very

abundant in all moist places; April.
V. CUCULLATA, Alt. var. PALM ATA, Gray. Woods;

much less common ; I'ovvnal, Robbins; May.
V. SAGITTATA, Ait. Bliic Violet. Rocky woods; not

uncommon; May.
V. PEDATA, Linn. Bird-foot Violet. Brattlcborough ;

C. C. Frost.
V. RosTKATA, Pursli. Not very common; last of

May.
V. siRiAT.\, Ait. Striped Violet. Very abundant

on moist hillsides; June to middle of October.
V. ML'iii.KMiKKciii, Torrey. Do^ Violet. Common;

Ma>-.
V. Canauknsis, L. Canada Violet. Common in

woods; May.
V. I'l i!i;scENs. Ail. Yelloi^' Violet. Common in

woods; Ma)'.

CISTACE/E.

Hki.iantiih.mim Caxadense, Michx. Frost-ivced.
Rocky soil; nut very common; June.

Lechea .maj(jk, Michx. Pimveed. Dry soil, com-
mon; July.

L. MINOR, Lam. Piniveed. Dry soil; July.

DROSERACEyE.

Drosera rotuXDIFOLTA, L. Deio Plant. " luideiv.

Common in swamps and on moist banks; June.
D. LOXGIFOLIA, L. Sundew. Common in swamps;

June.

PARNASSIACE^.

Parnassia Caroliniana, Michx. Banks of Win-
oobki River near BurUngton; July; not common.

VERMONT FLORA. 18$

HYPERICACE^.

Hypericum Canadense, L. Sl Joluis-wort. Not

very common; moist ground; June.
H. CORYMBOSUM, Muhl. Common; July.

H. ELLIPTICUM, Hook. Meadows and moist ground;
July.

H. MUTILUM, L. Moist places ; common; July.
H. PYRAMIDATUM, Ait. Great St. John's-wort. Not
very common; wet ground; July.

H. Sarothra, Michx. Pine-weed. Brattleborough;
C. C. Frost; July.

H. *PERFORATUM, L, Common St. John' s-tvort.
Abundant in pastures; June.

El.ODEA ViRGINICA, Nutt. Moist ground; common;
July.

CARYOPHYLLACE/E.

DiAXTHis *Armeria, L. Pink. Fields and grassy
places; Mrs. Brown.

Saponaria *0FFICINALIS, L. Bouncing het. Com-
mon about door yards; June.
SiLENE INFLATA, Smith. Fields; June.

S. antirrhina, L. Snap-dragon. Dry and rocky
ground; June.

S. *NOCTlFLORA, L. Catchfly. Dry ground ; July.

Lychnis *Githago, Lam. Agrostemma Githago, L.

Corn- Cockle. Not very common; cultivated fields;
June.

Arenaria *SERPVLLiroLiA, L. Sandwort. Sandy
soil; May.

A. .STRICTA, Michx. Alsine stricta. Alsine Mi-

chauxii, Fenzl. Common on rocks; June.
A. Grcenlandica, Spreng. Alsine Grcenlandica,

I 86 VERMONT ILUKA.

Fcnzl. Common on Mt. Mansfield and Camel's
Hump; June, July.

A. LATERIFLORA, L. Nochringia lateriflora, L.
Damp woods and banks; June.

Stellarlv *medl\., Smith. Chickwecd. Very com-
mon in gardens; May.

S. LONGIFOLIA, Muhl. StitcJnvort. Abundant among
grass in damp places; June.

S. BOREALIS, Bigel. Damp places and on mount-
ains; June.

CerastiUM *VULGATUM, L. j\IoHSC-car ihickii'Cfd.
Common on hillsides ; June.

C. NUTANS, Raf. Moist places in the shade ; May.

Anvciha DICHOTOMA, Michx. Paronychia Canaden-
sis, Wood. Rocks, Burlington; not common; Jime.

SaginA PROCUMBENS, L. Hrattleborough ; Frost;
June.

MoLLUGO VERTICILLATA, L. Ccirpct-ivccd. Com-
mon in sandy soil; July.

PORTULACACEtE.

Portulaca *0LERACEA, L. Purslane. Very com-
mon about cultivated ground ; July.

Ci.AVToNLV VlRGiMCA, L. Spring Beauty. Com-
mon in meadows and damp woods ; June.

C. Carhijniana, Michx. Spring Beauly. Com-
mon ; i\.pril.

MALVACE^.

Malva *kutUNDIFOLLV, L. Mallozvs. Common;

June.
M. *svlvestris, L. Tall Malloio. Waysides ; Brat-

tleborough ; C. C. Frost.
Abutilox *AvicenN/E, Gsrtn. Velvet- Leaf. Waste

grounds and roadsides ; Aug.

VERMONT FLORA. 1 8/

TILIACE^.

TiLiA Americana, L. Linden. Basszvood. Woods
and river banks ; July.

LINACEyE.

LiNUM ViRGlNlANUM, L. Wild Flax. Dry Woods ;

Pownal, Robbins ; June.
L. *USITATISSIMUM, L. Common Flax. Old fields

where it has escaped from cultivation ; July.

GERANIACE/E.

Geranium macu-latum, L. Wild Geranium. Not

very common ; open woods and fields ; June.
G. CarolinianU-M, L. Cranesbill. Rocks; not

^'ery common ; June.
G. *DISSECTUM, L. G. Carolinianum, var. dissectum,

Gray. "Hills near Castleton, Robbins;" June.
G. Robertianum, L. Herb Robert. Shaded rocks;

not uncommon ; June.
Impatiens pallida, Nutt. Balsam. Moist banks;

June
I. FULVA, Nutt. Balsam. Toiieh-me-not. Common

in moist shaded places.

OXALIS acetosella, L. Wood Sorrel. Not un-
common ; June. A large flowered variety occurs
on Camel's Hump about half way from the base,
and probably on other mountains.

O. STRICTA, L. Yellozo Sorrel. Lady Sorrel. Com-
mon in fields, woods and pastures ; June.

RUTACEyE.

Xanthoxylum Americanum, Muhl. Prickly Ash.
Not common ; April.

l88 VERMONT FLORA.

ANACARDIACE.'E.

Rhus typhina, L. Sumach. Hillsides ; common ;
June.

R. GLABRA, L. Smooth Sumach. Hills ; July.

R. COPALLINA, L. Small Siimach. Hills ; July.

R. VENENATA, DC. PoisoH :^umach. Dogwood.
Swamps ; July. This and the two preceding spe-
cies occur only sparingly.

R. Toxicodendron, L. Poison Ivy. Very com-
mon, especially in dry ground ; June.

R. AROMATICA, Ait. Fragrant Sumach. Dry soil ;
not very common ; May.

VITACE.^.

VlTIS Labrusca, L. Fox Grape. Thickets; com-
mon ; June.

V. .tSTIVALIS, Michx. Wild Grape. Common along
river banks ; June.

V. RIPARL'V, Michx. V. cordifolia, \ar. rijiaria, Gray.
Wild Grape. Moist thickets.

V. CORDl?'OLL\, Michx. I'rost Grape. Very com-
mon ; June.

AmpeloI'SIS QlT.XQUEFOLLV, Michx. Virginia

Creeper. \<Lxy common ; July.

RHAMNACt:^.

Rhamnus catharticus, L. Buckthorn. Not very

common ; used for hedges ; May.
R. ALNIFOLIUS, L'Her. .Swamps; June.
Ceanuthus Americanus, L. Neiv Jersey Tea.

Rather common ; June.
C. OVALIS, Bigel. Common on sandy banks along

Lake Champlain ; June.

VERMONT FLORA. 1 89

CELASTRACE^.

Celastrus scandens, L. Bitter-siveet. River
banks, shores of Lake Champlain, etc. ; June.

EUONYMUS ATROPURPUREUS, Jacq. Buming-Biish.
This is common in cultivation and as it occurs na-
tive in Canada and New York it is not very un-
likely that it may yet be found growing wild in
Vermont.

SAPINDACE/E.

Staphyle.a TRIFOLIA. L. Bladder-nut. Not com-
mon ; rocky hills ; May.

/ESCUFUS *iiiPPOCASTANUM, L. Horse-ckesttiut.
Common as a cultivated tree ; Mav.

A" IK PF^■^s^■FVAXI(■l"M. L. A. striatum, Lam.
Strificii Maple. Quite common especially on hill-
sides ; hist of May.

A. si'K A IFM. Lam. Moiinfaiii Maple. Common on
rock}' hills : last of May.

A. sA( ( II \kiMM. L. Siii^ar Maple. ': ock Xaple.
("(Miimon, especially in moist soil; last of April.
This species is far more abundant than either of
those that follow. It often forms groves of con-
siderable extent and, owing to the value of the
products obtained from it, is more carefully pro-
tected than an\' other of our native trees.

A. SACCHARlXUM. var. NKiRL'.M, Gray. A. nigrum,
Michx. Blaek Maple. Occurs with the last but
is not common.

A. DASVc AKI"l•^r, Ehrh. White Maple. River banks
and moist ground ; April.

A. RUBRUM, L. Red Maple. Soft Maple. Swamps
and moist w oods ; common ; April.

Negundo acerofdes, Mcench. Acer negundo, L.
Ash-leaved Maple. Not common ; river banks and
mcaduw.> , Maw

I90 NOTES. ON NOSTOCHINE.t.

POLYGALACEyE.

POLYGALA PAUCIFOLIA, L. Milkwort. Very abun-
dant in open woods ; May.

P. I'OLVGAxMA, Walt. Very common in dry and
shady places ; July.

P. SANGUINEA, L. Sandy and moist places ; C. C.
Frost.

P. Senega, L. Seneca Suakc-root. Common in dry
soil ; June.

P. VERTICILLATA, L. Near BcMovvs Falls; July.

P. VERTICILLATA, var. AMBIGU'A. 1*. ambigua, Nutt
Dry fields and woods ; not common.

Notes on Xostoehiuae. By Ilirain .\. Cuttinf^, A. M.,
M. 1)., State Geologist, and Curator of the State
Cabinet, Luncnburgh, Vermont.

Oil the 14th of St^ptembcr 1872. while looking for
dendrites on the schist rock in Newbury, in company
with Dr. J. M. Currier, we found the little pools of
water on the side of the r;iilrt)ad clo^cl}- filled with
alga:, which, upon examination, proved to be Nosto-
chine.e. The)- were round bodies resembling grapes.
in the main, though many were joined in shapeless
masses. They were from the size of a pin head to
one inch or more in diameter. In color they were
all shades of green.

The j^hycoma or general mass of the plant was en-
closed by a pellicle or skin-like envelope, determinate,
clobose, but of various forms, gelatinous, soft, elastic,
containing, as shown under the micrcscope, simple
curved and entangled moniliform colorless or green-
ish filaments, composed of cells which appeared jolid.

NOTES ON NOSTOCHINE.E. 191

but transparent, inibedclcd in a continuous, amor-
phous, gelatinous matrix. The cells seemed of two
sizes, with eight smaller and one larger, or perhaps
spermatic cells, that appeared brighter than the rest.
On the outside of the envelope, and firmly adhering
thereto, were small spores that were nearly black re-
sembling the seeds upon a strawberry.

This Nostoc is a typical genus of the Nostochineas,
distinguished from the allied genera by the definitely
formed pellicle tliat encloses the fronds Thuret
states, that the pellicle of the fronds bursts, allowing
the gelatinous mass to escape, and the filaments to
spread abroad in the water, thus reproducing. Van-
cher says, after bursting the}- are endowed with the
])ower of moving slowly along lengthwise, and that
after a tinu: the cells cease to mo\'e, and a new gelat-
inous pulp with an envelope is formed around each
piece. My observations do not accord with theirs, as
I can find no reproduction in that way. Yet it may
be tlial undiM' other circumstances their manner of re-
{)ro(lucli<)n nii;^ht change. 1 noticed that at the point
of adhesion of a spore a few cells would ooze out from
the gelatinous mass, among which would be one or
[\\n of the larger cells, and a new nostoc would grow
adhering to the mass for a short time, or jierhaps a
few ciax's, when it would usnall)- split oM from the parent
.'tnd take up a separate existance. Man\' times how-
e\'er the\- would adhere to each other in tlieir growth
sf) that as many as ten or twelve would sometimes be
attached, thus forming shapeless lobed masses.

The near alliance of this alga ti^ the Collonia. has
attracted much attention, and some authors even as-
sert that it is only a \ariety of the same sj)ecics.
The memoir ui' Sachs on the subject is deserving t)f
attention. Many species of this alga are found grow-
ing in water, sometimes in brackish water, or e\'en in
hot springs. Others crow on the naked soil or rocks

192 CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS.

even. The color is usually green, sometimes bluish.
The species (A', edule) found in the streams of China is
used as an article of food. It is dried and then added
as wanted to soups, for which its gelatinous substan-
ces, rich in bassorin, renders it peculiarly appropriate.
Another closely allied alga abounds in the Arctic
regions, affording much wholesome food. .Several
species are indigenous to the United States but seem
rare in this section. In Texas that peculiar species
{N. Jlagclliformc) which grows on the naked soil, hav-
ing long forked fronds, and know n as "kalling-stars,"
is common. No one at first would take this as a nos-
toc, but its structure is precisely the same. In fine nos-
tocs grow in all parts of the world, anti are capable of
bearing great extremes of both heat and cold. They
are known not only under their proper name l>nt as
"Star-jelU''" or "Witches'-butter" on account of their
gelatinous texture. As the\- form eharming and \a-
rious objects for the microscope, the\" are deser\ ing
of special attention.

Catalo(:;ur of the C ryf^tOiravioKs or I-'lo^ccrlcss Plants
of Wrmoiit. By Chas. C. I'rost, Brattleborough,
Vermont.

(Coiiliitiuii fioin /xJi^f 153.J

MUSCL— Mo.ssEs.

HVPNU.M FILICIXUM, L. Wet places

H. Crista-Castrexsis, L. On the ground in
mountainous districts.

H. MOLLUSCIM. Hedw. Rocks and ground in

• moioL pldccb.

CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS. 193

H. CUPRESSIFORME, L. Rocks and ground in shady
places.

H. IMPONENS, Hedw. On the ground and decay-
ing logs.

H. REPTILE, Michx. Base of trees.

H. CURVIFOLIUM, Hedw. On earth and decay-
ing logs.

H. Haldanianum, Grev. On earth and decaying logs.

H. PRATENSE, Koch. Wet rocks and grounds.

H. RUGOSUM, Ehrh. On limestone rocks.

H. VELUTINUM, Dill. Sandy banks in woods.

H. SALEBROSUM, Hofifm. On ground and decay-
ing logs.

H. L.ETU.M, Brid. On ground and decaying logs.

H. PLU.MOSUM, L. Rocks near streams.

M. Ki T AHULLM, L. Wet and springy places.

H. \ov.E- Angle*, SuUiv. & Lesqx. Mountains.

II. srr,i,i v'liM, Schreb. Bogs and marshes.

H. poiYMORPfiUM, Bryol. Europ. Moist clayey
banks.

H. IIISPIDULUM, Brid. Base of trees in dry places.

H. DIMORPIIUM, Brid. Dry shaded rocks.

H. ADNATUM, Hedw. Base of trees and on stones.

H. SERPENS, Hedw. Rocks and decaying logs.

H. RADKALE. Brid. Rocks and decaying logs.

H. ORTHOCLADON, Beauv. Wet springy places.

H. RlPARIUM, Hedw. Swamps and on stones in

rivulets.
H. Lescurh, SuUiv. Wet rocks.
H. DENTICULATUM, L. Swamps and moist rocks.
H. MUHLENBECKH, Bryol. Europ. On rocks and

the ground.
H. SYLVATICUM, L. On rocks in mountains.

»94 CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS.

A. SULLIVANTI^, W. P. Sch. On rocks in dense

HEFATIC/E— Liverworts.

RiCCIA NATANS, L. Floating on stagnant water.
R. FLUITANS. L. Floating on stagnant water.
R. SrrXlVANTII, Austin. Low grounds.
Anthockros PUNCTATUS. I.. Wet slopes side of

flitches.
A. L/KVIS, L. Wet slopes side of ditches.
Marchantia polvmorpii.a, L. Shady moist places.
Fegatei.I.a ( oNIca, Corda. Springy places.
ReBouma ilKMIsi'H.EKK a, Raddi. Shad) moist

places.
FlMBRfARIA TENEM,.\. Nees. Shad\ places.
MetZGEKI.V 1TKCA1A. Xecs Rocks and bark of

trees.
AXEtTRA PMMATA, Nees. Rotten logs.
A. MUI ■in'n).\, Diwnort. Moist r<>ck\ banks.
PEELIA EPIPHVl.EA, Nees. Moist shad>- places on

earth.
Geocai.VX gr.WEOEEXS, Nees. On the ground and

on I'liitin logs.
Clll!-< >S("', iMd-. l'< >i,\ \\ MH v-^, (_orda. Rocks.
LOPHOCOLEA BIDENTATA, Nees. On moist rocks.
SPHA(;.N'tECETlS COMMUNIS. Nees. Mosses and de-
caying WO(Xl.
Jungermannia TRIGHOPHYEI.A, L. Decaying wood,

etc.
J. SETACEA, WeDer. On earth.
I. CONNIVENS. I^ickson. On rotten wood.
J. divaricata. Kngl. Bot. Mosses and decaying

wood.

CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS. 1 95

J. BARBATA, Schreber. On ground and rocks.

J. CURVIFOLIA, Dickson. Rotten logs.

J. SCIIRADERI. Martius. Rotten logs.

J. INTERMEDIA, Lindenberg. On earth, etc,

J. CRENULATA, Smith. Margin of ditches.

J. EXSECT.\, Schmidel. Boggy places.

SCAPANIA NEMOROSA, Nees. Moist banks.

Plagiochila spinulosa, Nees & Mont. Banks

of rivulets.
P. ASPLEMOIDES, Nees & Mont. Banks of rivulets.
P. PORELLOIDES, Lindenberg. Base of trees in

swamps.

Sarcoscyphls Ehrharti, Corda. Rivulets.
Fri LLAMA Grayana, Mont. On trees aiKl rocks.
F. \'iK(nM(A, Lehm. Rocks and trees.
F. TA.\LVklS( L Nees. Rocks and trees.
I". I'",i'.< )RA(L.\SIS, Lciini. Rocks and trees.
Lkji;l".\l\ sKRi'Vi.Lri<)LL\, Libert. On trees and
moist rocks.

^L\n()THECA PLATVPin i.LA. Dumort. Rocks and

trees.

M. PoRKLLA, Nees. Inundated rocks.

RaiH'LA COMPLANATA, Dumort. Base of trees, etc.

Pttlidium CILIARE, Nees. Rotten logs in woods.

Trtchocolea Tomentella, Nees. Moist places.

Mastigobryum trilobatum, Nees. Damp ground,
logs, etc.

Lepidozia REPTANS, Nees. Hillv districts on the
ground.

Calypogeia Trichomanis, Corda. Springy places.

\

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

The Table upon the opposite page is a summary
of observations made by Hiram A. Cutting, A. M.,
M. D., at Concord, and Lunenburgh, Vermont, for
the past twenty- five years. The first six years, at
Concord, at an elevation of 1526 feet, and the re-
maining nineteen at Lunenburgh, in iMt. 44° 28',
and Lon. 71'-^ 41', at an eiexation of 1210 feet.
The reduction bas been made from observations
taken each day at 7 a. m.. and 2, and 9, r. M.
Ten inches of snow has been allowed for one inch
of water.

In i8>i it was vcrv dr\ , a\m\ it will be noticed
that the rain-fall was but little more than one half
what it was for 1872. ecjually remarkable was it for
ex'cessive moisture. Ihc range <>f the thermometer
has been from 100*^ to -45'^, by l-"ahrenheit scale,
both extremes being in 1872. The extreme heat of
Summer here seldom exceeds 90°, and the extreme
(old of Winter is seldom lower than -30'^, and that
only one »»r l\\i» mornings in a winter.

The average number of stormy days in a year for
this period has been 1 20, and the average number of
fair days 118, of cloudy days 127. From this it is
reasonable to infer that our time is pretty equally di-
vided into fair, cloudy, and stormy weather. In
Summer we have an excess of fair weather while in
Winter there is an excess of stormy weather.

Snow in
inches.

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8?.

-t
i.n

t^oo iy-> TfiO O t^a: r^vO t^ Ln C> -J- <J^yZ -^ t^sC — >/^ O t->.

C

rri

C

O O — r) f^ tJ- lovo I--.CO C> O — ri f, ■^- lo-o r^co Cn O — n

no 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 I • <
^ Cn O — '■1 '"O -+ ir-ivO t^^ O O — ' <■) r"*, -t •-'■I'O t^:0 C^ — N
1 rf- Lo ir> u-i i.n ly^ 1/^ irf% i-r> u-i iy%vO ^0'-0^0O^C^^C^^ r^r^r^
c>:ooc<;ccc<;coccoo3cicoco:o2occcocoocoooccocccccooo

Ram &
melted
Snow.

QOQOO'-nOLAO'^OOOCOOftCNO'^'^t'^"^ lO —
30 O L t^O ri CO M I/-, ro C^ O CO O O ^' — O ro OnO C^ Cn

— lAd ^od^ — vCco d^ r^co 'Ace r-^ LTiO c> d^oo C\ ro rn lA ri d

-+ ro -t '•O fO -+ r^ ro 'O ro '-'; r<-) <^ -t -1- -t <^ fi fl fO -*• ♦+ -*• -l-vO

t

Yearly
means.

C C^-^— C>— t^ro— <■* r^ZTj — — — f.CC rj CN -tOC ro t^ O
C» O-.O ro — C> O O "-lO iO -to ro M l t^ -t — O t-^ ro f^ H

fiON— — — — O — '-CNO^O'^ririf)-t''ifoOO — 'tM-
't'^, 't-t-1--+-+-1--+'-'>"-j-r-f-l--+-t-J--t-)--t't-t-t-l--t

^

Average monthly Temperature in deg e.s and hundredths.

. OOCQQ"->LnQQOOOQQQOsO<:-0'0'0>/^r^2N
9 -^- i/% O O r~. n ""■ "^ O O O -+ "~i ■^- C^ Ooo — M O

^■

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— < M -. fi — D ri — n ri — n — — n ri — ri fi fi >- — fi n —

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00
r'^

*-> 1 "^ > C O O >/-< r^ r^ O \rMr^tr^ O O — -+0 Cv ■+ f^-O t^ •^
"^ ■+ 6 6 6 f^j 'O in f^j -t ri 'i dN d^ >Ao6 r^co t-^DO -j — ■ rOO i~>. »A

i

^|OOOOQO«'^QOQQQOQOQcow-l^^ r^co r^ M — t^

p.

^ i :c vC -- — CO O r^ d t^ ri ro r^ "^ •^ d^^O LTiO ri dN -4 ri O i^ d^
70 1 1/% ir% ir% vr> u~i tri iriO ir^ un in in w. lti ui i>^ un i/i l tj- mvO sO m m

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i <^

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

ORLEANS COUNTY SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES.

May 23, 1 87 1.
Excursion to West Newport.

Dr. HiNMAN presiding.

Several specimens were collected during the fore-
noon and obser\'ations of the general features of the
region around West Newport were made, but the
weather being rather too cool the party repaired to
the residence of Mr. Benj. Hoyt, who kindly, furnished
a dinner, and room to hold the exercises in.

l^ish. — Mr. Hoit was an old fisherman on Lake
Memphremagog, and stated that there were two spe-
cies of Muscalonge Trout {Sal»w nan;a) cus/i, Peuuer, ',)
in the lake, one commonly called Black Longe, the
other White or Silver l.onge, the latter much the
largest, the former was seldom taken above 20 inches
in length. These two ;ipparently distinct varieties
are in all probability produced by the nature of the
bottom of the lake where the fish are accustomed to
stay. In the middle and northern portions the bottom
is black mud from the decomposing beds of dark car-
boniferous limestone and slates that skirt the lake in
those sections. The Longe remain most of the time on
the bottom in deep water and must partake more or
less of the colouring matter that impregnates the water
in which they live.

Dr. Currier remarked, that the Brook Trout (^^Z-
mo fontinalis, Mitchell.) v,'h.\c\). were so plentiful in

TRANSACTIONS OF SOCIETY. 199

all aar streams when the county was new, are becom-
ing now quite scarce. The reasons given were two: I,
fishermen are more plenty and catch them out when
large enough to bite a small hook : 2, the county
having been cleared up the small streams during the
droughts of summer, almost completely dry up and
the fish are killed, excepting here and there a deep
eddy is left where a sufficient number remain to pro-
pagate and.* keep up a representation of species. In
winters too -they are killed off by freezing which usu-
ally takes place to a greater depth than it would were
the streams protected by woods. These Trout are
caught occasionally in Lake Memphremagog weigh-
ing two and one half pounds.

Glaciers iw Neivpor-t. — Dr. Currier read a commu-
nication on the glacial action in the town of Newport.
Several moraines were pointed out: one that existed
in the north part of the town directed its course to
Lake Memphremagog, leaving immense boulders in
its course. Another moraine ran northward through
Newport Centre and uniting in Canada with a similar
and larger one coming down the Missisquoi Valley.
Ledges in this section are rounded ■ off and slope
northwardly. Many grooves are distinctly seen upon
those surfaces,-seven were counted within a short dis-
tance on one rock in the west part of the town,^some
being thYee fourths of an inch in depth and three
incheSnvide. .One half mile west of the village of
NewpWt ekists another moraine with immense boul-
ders of granite, some of which show glacial scratches
Its course' is directed northward toward Lake Mem-
phremagog.

Collections. — Numerous collections were made, but
the only ones of any importance were some Indian
implements from the Memphremagog Valley. One
arrow head of light drab colored hornstone, two hoes
or f^oiiges made of trap rock, from West Derby,

200 TRANSACTIONS OF SOCIETY.

where numerous relics have been turned out by the
plow. A few years ago W. G. Norris found an ar-
row head of copper, now in the Smithsonian Collec-
tions at Washington. 1' rom the fact that many of
these hoes are found on these Plains we conclude
that they were once cultivated by the Aborigines, and
tradition substantiates this view. These hoes are usu-
ally from ten to sixteen inches long, two and one half
inches u ide, and about one inch thick, with a convex-
ity lengthwise; their cutting ends are also convex while
the opposite arc more generally pointed but do rot
bear the marks of usage so plainly. A curious imple-
ment was presented to our societ}' by Mr. Orville
Robinson, who foimrl it where the village of Newport
now stands, it is about fourteen inches long, roijnded,
and presents several smooth faces lengthwise, with
minute transverse stria- on the sjirface. Ihis must
have been used for grinding corn or other seeds by
taking hold of the ends in the manner that the "roll-
ing-pin" is used, but not allowed to roll in the hand.
By its u.se on a flat stone fine flour or meal could be
made after the pestle had done the crushing. One
end of this utensil had been sharpened to an edge,
which \\ould bring us to conclude that these rude im-
plements were used for more than one purpose, thus
after a pestle or mill stone had become loo much
worn for grinding they were sharpened into chi/.els.
Large pestles and grinders have been foimd just com-
menced to be worn on their convex surfaces, with
blunt ends for pounding but without a cutting end for
other uses. When such implements are sufficiently
worn down they are then made into chizel.s.

Bcac/ii's oji I.(tk'c Mcn/phn'Jiiagoi!^. — Dr. Currier re-
marked that his attention had been called to the large
accumulations of sand and pebbles on the western
shores of Lake Memphremagog. in certain places
Adhere for several years past the\' had been removed

IRANSACnON'S OF SOCIETY. 201

every year for building purposes, llie beach would
be completely cleared oi them every season but on
returning for the same purpose the next year the sup-
ply was as a.bundajit as the prc:\ious year.

The agencies concerned in the production of this
phenomenon are three, viz: wind, water, and ice. In
the Spring when the ice in the lake breaks up there is
usually a prevailing north wind which drives the ice
southward, when it arrives at the beach, being about
three or four feet thick, pushes before it large quan-
tities of the pebbles in question. Masses of ice which
have been detached from northern shores often trans-
port sand, pebbles and small stones many miles.
In the lake near Magoon's Point in Canada are sev-
eral small islands, the rock formation of which is
n-jvaculitc slate, small angular boulders of this forma-
tion have been transported by the ice to the southerrt
shores, a distance of about ten miles. This shows the
agenc)- of ice.

The wind produces currants in the lake even at a
great depth, wliich probably has the most influence in
producing these accumulations. On looking into the
water at a depth of ten feet or more, small sticks and
grasses may be seen floating with considerable veloc-
ity, which shows that powerful currants in still water
arc in constant operation at great depths. These
currants would be much accelerated during long con-
tinued winds, when pebbles and sand would be swept
along before them.

July ii, 1870.

Excursion to Farranfs Grove, on the

Western Shore of Lake Memphremagog.

Dr. HiNMAN presiding.

Lunch. — Cicad<2. — After a jolly lunch in the grove

-it one o' clock Dr. Currier orcbcnted ei^cl^.tcen socci-

20i TRANSACTrONS OF SOCtEtY.

nrens of insects injurious to vege'fetion, g^'Ve a^^ftWh^jr •
M'ezch and pointed out the nature of the- diiftiag*
done to the agriculturist by them. Four specimens
of the 17— ycar.Cicadai were exhibrt'ed, they had b«ert'
s6nt to the soctct}- from Iowa by Dr: Blsrichard, sev- '
eral branches. which the female •haiH' pierced for'thie
dTep'iti^it'ofher etrgs, were also sent'" Rev: 'T:E;' Ran- ••
'rney remarked that when these cicada: come- forth" in
the Spring their numbers arc s6'gteat that the'foreiats
resound with their, music. He stated that^ Avhfeh" he •
resided' in the Cherokee Nation if • was hectssaiy "to * •
tic a bell on his horse to en'abll' hfm' to frhd'it wh'en
he wished, sometimes when within a \-ery<;h6rt diS- '
tance of the horse he could hot distinguish' the solirfd
of the hell so great was the noise of the Cicadat!
The Indans use them for* food. • '

Pollen S/i07i.'cr. — Dr. Currier exhibited specimer^s
oY'pollen tmder the microscope, which fell during a
shower a few weeks previous. In >'inu- places it had
'been observed one liair'inch deep, and gave to the
surfact; on which it. fell the appearanct: of being spu'n-
ided' <ner with sulphur, wliicli lasted man)- days, and
was quite general in "this section of cotiritry Previ-
ous to this shower a strong south \V ind jirevailed fcrr
one whole day, 'irtcl'the afiwosphere fn the Memphrc-
ina<>-o" N'ailev was >o Ii.izA- that the mountain tops
three miles distant could not be d)>tinguished. The
speimens examined were mostly pollen of the WTiite
and Yellow Birch. These trees had blossomed* very
rapidly and luxuriently the present Spring, and was
already to take its flight when this furious wind came.

Septi-MBER 12, 1 87 1.
Anntuil Meeting at Derby.
President HiN.MAN in the chair.
Officers — The following officers were -elected for

)/•; ,-;.tll6» "eBSttTfiiT year, viz: Geo. A. Hinnian, president;
. , ■ H^.' AV Spencer, ist vice president; E. P Colton, 2nd
, vice .presideTif;'J..M. Currier, secretary and treasurer;
■ y?"hr Edwards, auditor; j. (i, Eorimer, curator and
tibfarian.' ■^*' ■'■'"•
■ . • Ozone.- — Dr. Cutting remarked upon the haziness
of. thie atmosphere and ozone. In all cases when he
had collected microscopic particles from the atmos-
phere during the past Spring and Summer he had
not failed to observe more or less White Pine pollen,
and in many instances minute atmospheric algae were
found attached to the pollen grains. During the
thunder shower last Sunday immense quantities of
Pine pollen were brought down with the rain. Ozone
was very constantly present in the atmosphere up to
th(; I 5th of August through all the hot weather and
smoky days, and from that time to the 9th of Sep-
tember no ozone was' detected. During this absence
the atmosphere was tolerably clear, and northerly
winds prevailed with cool nights ; dysentery, cholera
morbu.s, typhoid fever, and other diseases of a low
type were pre\alent. and very severe; many deaths
ocrtired ina short time.

I fis method of testing the ozone was with paper or
... cloth soaked in a solution of one grain of iodide of
potassium and twelve grains of starch in one ounce
of "watfer. He kept a register of the amount of ozone
daily, estimated by a scale from one to ten according
to the discoloration of the test paper. But he found
that the quantity of ozone in the atmosphere was not
correctly registered or represented by the discolora-
tion of the test. During high winds a greater quantity
of ozone would come in contact with the test, to ob-
viate this defect an aspirator was devised by means of
which a given amount of atmospheric air was brought
absolutely in contact with the test in a given time.
He took two tin cans holding five gallons each, hav-

204 TRANSACTIONS OF SOCIETY.

tng their covers soldered on air tight, they were con-
nected by a large connection stop-cock by perforating
the center o( each cover. I wo small sent cocks, one
on each can, were also put by the side of the connec-
tion ; on the bottom of each can was also soldered a
small stop-cock on which could be screwed a glass
receiver for lest paper, and the air by passing through
a small glass tube was made to impinge upon the test,
thus by tilling the top can with water and arranging
the test paper the water was allowed to pass through
the connection stop-cock into the bottom can, which
brought \\\v gallons of atniospheric air in forcible
contact with the paper. Then b> reversion bringing
the full can at the top the like experiment could be
repeated Numerous specimens of aimos[)heric dust
and pollen were exhibited at the close of the meeting.
Donations to Mitscrnn. — I'eldspar from Newport^
hornstone containing mintite crystals of iron, used by
the Indians for arrow heads, from t.!anoe Falls, N. 11.,
2QO entomological specimens, mostly undetermined
species, /;v;^ j. M. Currier ; chlorite slate, and con-
glomerate, from Troy, from j. C. Kennedy; one
specimen of gold from (iolden Chariot Mine, Siher
City, Idaho Terrttor> . frv.u A. I) Miller; apatite
from Ontario, phosphate of lime from vicinity of
Charleston. S. C. one specimen of Baker Island gu-
ano, also lignite, kaolin clay, bog manganese, and
hematite from Brandon, from T. //. Hoskins.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.

Second Report of the Geological Survey of hidiaiia. Made
during the year 1870, by E. T. Cox, State Geologist, assisted
by Prof. John Collett and Dr. G. M. Levette.
This work is divided into counties, giving to each descriptions
of the formations occuring in them. Numerous analyses of coal,
mineral waters, and ores are given throughout the book making
it of great value as a work of reference It is illustrated by wood-
cuts, maps, and diagrams of the various strata in different sec-
tions. Appended is a catalogue of the flora of Jefferson County,
by A. H. V'oung.

Lepidoptera, ~ RhopJialocercs aud Hetcroceres, Indigenous and
/■'.xofic. With Descriptions and Colored Illustrations, by
Herman Strecker. Box iii Reading P. O., Berks Co., Pa.

The first number of this magnificent work appeared in Jan.
1872. It gives finely colored figures of Platysamia Gloveri,
Nov. .Sp. The work is well executed and will be a valuable ad-
dition to l"-ntoinological .Science. Price 50 cents per number. .

Annual Kcrord of Science and Industry for 1871. Edited by
Spencer Y . Baird. with the assistance of eminent men of sci-
ence, pp 634. Harper & Brothers, New York.

This work furnishes short accounts of the more important dis-
coveries in the various branches of science and industry during
the year 1871. The author's name is sufficient to recommend it.

The Lens. A Quarterly Journal of Microscopy and the Allied
Natural Sciences; with the Transactions of the State Micro-
scopical Society of Illinois. Edited by S. A. Briggs, Chicago.
This promises to be a first class periodical, and we congratulate
the editor and publication committee on the selection of matter
and the very fine appearance in which their work is presented.
We predict for it success.

Proceedings of the Third Annual Session of the American Phi-
lological Association, held at Neiv-Haven, Ct., July, 187!.

Report of the Efitomological Society of the Province of Ontario,
for the Year 1871. By The Rev. C. J. S. B-thunc, M. A.

206 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.

The Physiology of Alan. Designed to represent the existing
state of physiological Science, as applied to the functions
of the Human Body. By Austin Flint, Jr., M. D., Professor
of Physiology and Physiological Anatomy in the Bellevue
Hospital Medical College, New York; etc., etc. pp. 470.
D. Appleton & Co., 549 & 551 Broadway, New York.
This, the fourth volume of Prof. Flint's Work on Physiology-,
treats exclusively of the Nervous System. This volume with
Prof. Hammond's treatise on Nervous Diseases forms a complete
work on the "Physiology and Pathology of the Nervous Sys-
tem." Prof. Flint promises a fifth and last volume, upon the
Special Senses and Generation, which will be completed within
one year.

Bromide of Potassium and Bromide of Ammonium. Their
physiological and therapeutical action, in two parts, by Ed-
ward H. Clarke, M. D., and Robert Atnory, M. D. pp. 178.
Published by James Campbell, Boston.
This handsome volume is the result of experimentation and obser-
vation. It will be found interesting and full of useful information.

A Treatise on Diseases of the Bones. By Thomas M. Markoe,
M. D. , Professor of Surgery in the College of Physicians and
Surgeons, etc., etc. pp. 416. Published by I). Appleton &
Co. 549 & 551 Broadway, New York.
This work contains the substance of the lectures ^^hich the au-
thor delivered during the past twelve years at the College of
Physicians and Surgeons. He has not aimed to make it a com-
pendium, but treats more particularly upon those branches whiclr
have been his opportunities to study. However, to make it a
(omplete treatise, and brin;j it up to the present slate of bciencc
he has brought forward the best authorities, and giving them
due credit in all cases, k is illustrated with 103 wood cuts.

Elu'clVs Medical Jurisprudence. .A Medico-legal Treatise on

Malpractice and Medical Evidence, comprising the Elements

of Medical Jurisprudence; by John J. Elwell, M. D., Professor

in Ohio State and Union Law College and Western Rescr\e

Medical College, etc., etc. pp. 600. Third Edition, Revised

and Enlarged. Baker, Voorhis & Co., 66 Nassau Street,

New York.

Dr. Elwell's work is received with great favor, both by the legal

and medical professions. It is divided into two parts; the first is

devoted to Malpractice, and in this branch it is the best author-

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 207

ity on the subject. Both professions have long felt, the need of a ■
rehable work of reference in this branch of jurisprudence. Dr.
Elwell has supphed this deficiency. The second part is devoted
to Medical Evidence, and is fully up to the present state of juris-
prudencial science. The whole combined make it the most
practical, clear, and concise guide extant.

Clinical Lectures on the Diseases of Women. By Sir James Y.
Simpson, Bart., M. D., D. C. L., Late Professor of Midwif-
ery in the University of Edinburgh, Edited by Alexander R.
Simpson, M. D. pp. 789. D. Appleton & Co., 549 & 551
Broadway, New York.
The greater portion of this work was published in the Medical
Times and Gazette during 1859-61. Ten of the fifty Lectures,
however, are here published for the first time. A copious Table
of Contents and a full Index are introduced for reference. It is
illustrated with 141 wood cuts These valuable contributions to
gynaecological science are presented to the profession in a conve-
nient form for reference, and much credit is due the publishers
for the neatness in which they have done their work.

Medical Thennometry, and Htanan Temperature. By C. A,

Wundcrlich, Professor of Clinic at the University of Leipziij,

etc , etc , and Edward Seguin, M D. pp 280. William

Wood &• Co., 2-j Great Jones Street, New York

It is only within a few years that the profession generally have

adopted thermometry as a means of diagnosis. Our author

having had abundant opporrunitcs of makmg obser\'ation5 in

this branch renders the work before us a very reliable authority.

Ovarian Tumors: Their Pathology, Diagnosis, and Treatment,
espec ally by Ovariotomy. By E. Randolph Peaslec, M. D,,
LL. D., Professor of Gynaecology in the Medical Department
of Dartmouth College; etc., etc. With fifty-six illustrations
on wood. pp. 551. D. Appleton & Co , 549 & 551 Broad-
way, New York
Prof. Peaslee prepared this work with a view of furnishing the
medical profession with a text book on Ovarian diseases and
Ovariotomy, Previous authors have published their individual
experience without a view to this end, but in the volume before
us the author has a wider scope, and presents us with a system-
atic treatise which the profession has for some time felt a want.
Considerable time is taken in giving a history of the operation in
various countries, giving to our own countryman, Dr. McDowell,
the credit of pcrforminj]; the first operation.

208 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.

Half-yearly Compendium of Medical Science. Part IX. Jan.,
1872. S. W. Butler. M. D.. 115 South Seventh Street, Phi-
ladelphia, Pa.

This is the only work of the kind that does justice to American
medical literature. It forms a large octavo volume in a year,
making a convenient work for reference of the most important
contributions to medical science. It is not, however, exclu-
sively American.

Transactions of the Medical Society of the State of New York,
1 87 1, pp. 490.

Transactions of the twenty-first Anniversary Meeting of the
Illinois State Medical Society, May 16, 1871.

Transactions of the Georgia Medical Association, 1872.

Transactions of the Minnesota State Medical Society, 1872.

Transactions of the Medical Society of the State of California,
1870-1.

ARCHIVES OF SCIENCE.

Vol. I. JANUARY, 1S74. No. VII.

Dircctio)i of the Wind i)i Local Tluindcr Storms, by

Hiram A. Cuttings A. J/., M. D., State Geologist,

Liiiioibiirgh, Vermont.

After more than t\vent\'-tive years experience as a mete-
orological observer, havin^u; kept full notes of special in-
cidents that seemed in any ^vay peculiar, I present to you
here for consideration such observations as seem to me
of interest in ccnmection witli three local thunder storms.
I would preface these remarks with the statement that in
July, 1850. at Franconia. X. II.. I was exposed in a bug-
gy to the furv of one of those local showers that pour rain
in torrents, accompanied by some hail, and much thun-
der and lightnintr.

As I was richng leisurely along I observed a small
black cloud almost directh' <A-er head. It increased with
great rapidilv. and in ten minutes the torrent came down.

2IO DIRECTION- OF V.1ND IX I.OCAL STOHMS.

The wind was in gusts from all j^oints of the compass,
demolishing mv umbrella in a t\\ inkling, leaving me to
the mcrcv of the elements. I was drenched in a moment,
and in an indescribably short space of time the body of
the buggy was full of water and overflowing, though near
four inches in depth. The roads were like rivers, ard
cvervthiiigf was flooded.

In driving north three and cne half miles 1 passed en-
tirely out of the limit of tlie storm of hail and rain, but
the wind for two miles fiu'ther had been violent; from tiiC
south, prostrating corn and some trees, and blowing
down one barn. The next morning 1 repassed the ground
and found that the southern limit of the storm was about
six miles from its northern limit, and at that i^art. that the
the wind was strong from the north, doing some dam-
age. In the afternoon I visited the Iron Ore Hill in Lis-
bon, which lie west of the centre of the shower, and
found the wind there had been strong iVom the east.
I'pon m\' return 1 examined carefully by the ])lants and trees
and b\ iii(juii"\- into the direction of the wiiul. and Ibuiid it
in everv instance, upon the westward side direct from the
st<jrm ; and all described it as cool though the foreiuxjn
of the day of the shower was \ery hot and sultry, with so
little wind that I was unable to learn its direction. As
the eastern limit of the storm was towards the White
^Mountain range, and a wilderness, I could get no in-
formation of its extent or severity, only by the rise of the
streams fed bv it. which was very great on all little
streams, within or running through the limit of a circle
six miles in diameter.

Upon my return home to Concord, Vt., I resolved to
investigate fully the next storm of similar import. I soon
removed to Lunenburgh. where I now reside, but saw
nothing of similar storms until June 30, 1856. The morn-

niRFXTlOX OF WIXD IX LOCAL STORMS. 211

ing was siiltn', the forenoon hot, with thermometer at
98°. The \\ ind was unsteady, but iVoni southerl}- points
at about noon, a dark low cunudus eloud appeared in the
west, which rapii'l\ increased in size imtil it hunj^ with
inky blacl<ncss (jver tiie eastern part of Concord, aljout
five miles away. At noon there was a strong breeze from
the east setting directly towards this cloud, and quite
steadil}'. At one o'clock, p. m., there was a hard gusty
wind blowing directl}' from the sliower, feeling c[uite
cliilly aitcr the forenoon heat, and causing the thermome-
ter to fall in a few minutes to 70''. The cloud hung over
the same jjlace for half an hour longer when it became
lighter, and was soon broken up in fragments and dissi-
pated. During the afternoon small showers came up
round about, and at three it rained slightly at Lunen-
burgh.

The next morning hearing reports from the hail-storm,
I went to the field of disaster. I found the storm of o-rcat
severity, but of limited extent, all being within the ra-
dius of one half mile. When within a mile of the storm
there were Indications of a strong wind from the west,
(I was approaching from the east), sufficiendy so to
blow down many trees beyond the limits of hail and rain.
'I found upon examination some trees blown down upon
every side of the storm, yet the wind was invariablv from
the storm cloud. Upon inc^ulry 1 found the wind, as far
as noticed before its commencement, blowino- directlv
towards it from all quarters.

The storm though so limited was of unusual violence,
in fact almost without precedent in this section. The
lightning was terrific, striking trees, etc. The testimony
showed the thunder the heaviest ever known, and was al-
most incessent. The cloud, to the parties living there,
seemed, as it appeared to me five miles distant, to form

212 niRKCTIOX OF WIXP IX I.OCAI, STORMS.

directly over head ; the atmosphere seemed \crv sultry
while it was forming, with hardly a breath of air.- I could
not learn that tlierc was any special direction of the wind,
and think tliere was not enough to note. The cloud
formed so rapidly that the farmers in their fields did not
leave their work until an almost total darkness settled
down upon them, vet with the opportunitv of seeing a
hand of clear sky in all directions at the hori/on but a
few minutes before. There was a strange feeling ot op-
pressiveness in the atmosphere.

^\'hen the storm commenced at one o'clock, p. m.. a
complete deluge of water first came down, followed al-
most immediately bv hail-stones and clnuiks of ice, se^ -
eral inches in diameter, which seemed pressed to earth
with a violent wind, chrushing branches down from the
trees witii fearful violence. The duration of the storm
was no more than thirt\- minutes, vet in a circle one mile
in diameter no green thing was left. The leaves, branch-
es, and e\en the bark, were stripped from the orchards
and shade trees. ,\ sugar-orchard standing in the storm
was destroved in the same manner. The shingles from
the roofs, and some boards, were battered from the build-
ings and broken in pieces by the ice. The glass and sash

•

were all broken. The grass crop was entirely destroyed,
so that the grass fields looked like ^^lowed ground, and it
was next to impossil)lc to find straws more than two
inches long. What became of the heavy crop of grass
ready for the harvest T cannot say. Potatoes well hilled-
up bv twice hoeing were destroyed, and the ground lev-
eled as though it had been done with a roller, and no
stocks of potatoes or corn could be foinid upon all the
ground.

The hail-stones and masses of ice were piled up like
snow drifts in winter ; and twent3--four hours after the

DIRECTIOX OF WIND IX LOCAL STORMS. 21^^

storm, in one drift, bv actual measurement, there wei-e
over twentv-five cords. Upon the outer edge of the storm
where the outward wind was strong, thete was only rain,
and a mile from the centre there was only wind, which
extended at least from five to eight miles away, how
much forther I cannot say. The section over which the
hail fell was left without a particle of verdure.
No green leaves could be found. It presented a state of
devastation as though the trees had all been stripped and
the earth plowed and then pounded down. During the
ensuing ■\\'eek there were several storms similar in their
formation, and all accompanied with vivid lightning,
heavy thunder, hail and rain, but of much less severity
than the one described.

After this peculiar series of storms there were no
marked instances of storms of this character until 1S72.
August 14th, of that year the town of Sheffield, Vt., was
visited by a local storm of great severity. From the op-
pressive heat and calm of the morning, clouds rapidlv
formed, and hanging stationary overhead, the storm be-
tween 9 and 10, A. >L, burst upon the place. This storm
was of much greater extent, covering a section of country
five or six miles in diameter. These clouds continued to
send down their deluge of rain and hail for thi'ee hours.
Small brooks were changed to streams ten or twelve feet
deep. The bridges were all swept away. The light-
ning struck several times, and several farms had fields
of acres in extent washed away, and other land was
covered by the debris to the depth of six or eight feet.
In the central part of the storm the wind blew in gusts
from all points of the compass, and outside of the storm
the wind first set towards the cloud from all points,
then from it, as before described, seeming very cool.
During the afternoon showers spread about the country

214 DIRECTION Ol" WIXD IN LOCAL STORMS.

in all directions, b;it in usual form and not of imusual se-
verity. September Sth. a similar storm came directly
under ni}- observation in the northern part of Lunen-
l)ui-^h. Though of great violence one mile north ofm\'
place I was enjoying sunshine. As in other cases it
seemed to form overhead ami remain stationary. The
weather being as before described. No ^perceptible winti,
but the vane pointing south-west. At the first formation of
the cloud the wind set towards it in a steady breeze, then
from it, cool and gusty. In the area of the storm the rain
and hail tell in torrents : the darkness was almost like
that of night.

Having been led by former observations to know what
I might exjoect, I was on the ground almost as soon as
the rain ceased. I found fifty rods within the storm the
roads washed out so to be impassible, and leaving my
horse I walked where water would permit. The apples and
most of the leaves were knocked oft' the apple trees by the
hail-stones, though they were not large. Grain not harvest-
ed was S2:)oiled. Ligtning struck but once within the area
of the storm though the flashes were described as inces-
sant. Everything showed a great fall of water, though it
was nowhere measured. Around the skirts of the storm the
wind was cool, and outward blowing quite a gale for sev-
eral miles. A portion of the storm cloud passed oft' to
the south-west showering moderately.

These of course are marked instances, yet many have
noticed a tendency to, first an inward, and then an out-
ward wind, in hard showers, while those passing rapidly
over the country, as the saying is, pass against the wind.
It however shifts a few minutes before the rain-fall. Af-
ter a shower has passed, it frequently leaves a delight-
fully cool breeze blowing from it. At the sides of the
showers however the wind is fitful and sfustv, seldom

VERMONT KI.ORA. 21-^

blowing (lircctlv to or from ihcm. T respectfully present
these facts, hoping that others may obsene them until
the theory of hail-storms, and local showers of great se-
verity is better understood. I give no theory, but let the
facts stand out for consideration, as to whether th.ey may
not lead to a better understanding of the formation of
such storms.

Catalogue of the Flov^criiig rhiuts of Vcrntoit. — By
Professor George //. Per/c/ns, Ph. D. — Coiiiuuied
• from page 190.

Order.—LEGUMINOS.^.

Li'rixfs I'KKKNXis, L. CotuDioii Litphie. This plant
Grrows verv ;dnmdantlv and thriftily on sandy hillsides
and along the borders of open pine woods. Specimens
with >vhitc dowei-s are not very rare ; last of May.

Trifoi-IUM *ar\'exse, L. Rabbit-foot Clover. Dry
fields ; not common ; July.

T. *PRATEXSE, L. Coiiuiiuii Ped Clover. Fields ;
common : June.

T. REPENS, L. White Clover. Common; last of jSIay.

T. *AGRARiUM, L. Tallow Hop-Clover. Sandy fields
near Burlington : not common ; June.

T. *RROcuMBEXS, L. " Loxv Hop-Clover. Roadsides
and fields ; common in limited localities but not often
occupying extended spaces ; June.

Melilotus *officixalis, Willd. I'elloxu Clover. Not
at all common in most parts of Vermont ; June.

M. *ALBA, Lam. White Szvcet Clover. More common

2l6 VERMONT FLORA.

than the preceding though not ;ibuiulant ; along road-
sides and waste ground ; Julv.

Mkdica(;o *ia'PL'I,ina, L. Xoncsnch. Rare ; vSouth
Hero, Robbins and a few other phices ; June. The
common Lucerne, AI. sativa, is somewhat cultivated as
a forage plant.

RoBiNiA PSEUDACACIA, L. Co/iinioH LocNst. Coniuion
in cultivation, and growing spontaneously in many
places ; June.

R. \iscosA, Vent. Rose Acacia. Very sparingly es-
caped from cultivation aV)out deserted dwellings and so
may perhaps be regarded as having liecomc natural-
ized ; June.

Astragalus Canadensis, L, / etc//. Not c(;mnuHi ;
rocky shores of Lake Champlain.

A. RoBBiNSii, Grav. Phaca Robbinsii, Oakes. This spe-
cies is quite common in a restricted locality near Bur-
lington, where it grows on the rocky banks of the \\*n-
ooski river and also on large rocks in the bed of the
stream which are covered only when the river is very
high. It has also been found by Mr. C. C. Frost on
W'illoughby Mountain, but I do not know of its exist-
ence anywhere else though Wood (Class-I3ook of Bot-
anv, page 31S), says, '"Ledges by rivers and lakes,
northern Vermont." Last <jf May.

LIedysarum boreale. Xutt. Rare; \Villoughb\' Mount-
ain, Wood ; June.

Desmodii-m acuminatl m. DC. 7)-cJ'oiI. licks. Rather
common in dry woods ; ^Vugust,

U. Canadense, DC. Trefoil. Beggar-Lice. Com-
mon along large streams and in woods ; July.

D. canescens, DC. Dry soil : not common ; August.

D. DiLLENii, Darlingt. Dry woods in the southern
part of the State and very sparingly to the northward ;
August.

D. NUDIFLORUM, DC. Beggar Ticks. Common ;
August.

D, paniculatum, DC. Dry ground : August.

VERMONT FLORA. 2l>]

Lespedeza viola cea, Pers. Bush Clover. Dry, open
woods ; August.

L. HiRTA, Ell. Dry soil ; August.

L. CAPiTATA, Michx. Common Bush Clover. Pastures
and dry fields ; common ; August.

ViciA *sATivA, L. Vetch. Common in fields and along
hedges ; July.

V. Cracca, L. Vetch. Common ; June.

Lathyrus maritimus, Bigel. Beach Pea. Grows
sparingly along the sandy shores of Lake Champlain ;
June.

L. OCHROLEUCUS, Hook. Telloiv Pea. In thick patches
on high blutls along Lake Champlain, also on several
of tlie islands in the Lake, as Valcour's, South Hero,
etc., elsewhere very rare ; June.

L. PALUSTRis, L. Marsh Pea. Sandy shores of Lake
Champlain ; not common ; July.

L. PALUSTRIS, var. aiyrtifolius. Gray. Not common ;

July.

Apios tuberosa, Moench. Wild Bean. Ground-nut.
Common in damp thickets ; August.

Amphicarp^a monoica, Nutt. Ground-nut. Com-
mon in damp thickets and in pine groves along the
base of cliffs ; July.

Cassia Marilandica, L. Wild Senna. Southern parts
of the State ; not very common ; August.

Order.— ROSACEA.

Prunus Americana,- Marsh. Wild I'elloiv Plum. Not
very common ; rather moist ground ; May.

P. PUMILA, L. Cerasus pumila, Michx. Dzvarf Wild
Cherry. Rocky shores of Lake Champlain ; not com-
mon ; June.

P. Pennsylvanica, L. Cerasus Pennsylvanica, Ait.
Wild Red Cherry. Common in fields and along bor-
ders of groves ; May.

2l8

WIXOOSKI MARBLE.

P. ViRGixiAXA, L. Ceiasus Virginicus, DC. Choke
Cherry. Common in pastures and groves ; May.

P. SEROTixA, Ehrh. Cerasus serotina, DC. Wild Black
Cherry. Common in similar localities to those of the
last ; May.

Spir^a salicifolia, L. Meadow Siveet. Not very
common, much less so than the following ; June.

S. TOMENTOSA, I.. Hardhack. Pastures and fields;
common ; July.

Agrimonia Eupatoria, L. Agri7nony. Rather com-
mon in moist places ; July.

Poterium Canadexse, Gray. Sanguisorbia Canadense,
L. Common Burnet. Swamps, Brattleboro, C. C.
Frost ; August.

Notes on the Wlnooski Marble of Verfnotit. — By
Professor George H. Perkins, Ph. Z>., Burlijigton,

Vermont.

About three years ago while looking over a large pile of
cast-away fragments of slabs of Winooski Marble near
Mr. Barney's mill in Swanton, I found one piece about
five inches square which was thickly filled with what
were obviously organic remains. Not being familiar
with the paleontology of the region at that time I did not
recognize the species to which the fossil should be refer-
red but knowing that no fossils had ever been detected in
the marble I had the specimen polished, and laid it aside
for further study. A few months later in company with
Mr. S. M. Allis I again visited the Swanton Marble Mill
and we were successful in finding about a dozen medium

WINOOSKI MARBLE. 219

sized pieces of tlie marble which contained the same fos-
sils in greater or less abundance. One of these pieces
was afterwards shown by Mr. Allis to ]Mr. Billings, the
paleontologist of the Canada Survey, who at once recog-
nized the fossils as a species of a genus, Saltcrella,
named by him in iS6i to include certain fossils from lime-
stone of the Potsdam group at Anse au Loup, North Shore
of the Straits of Belle Isle in Canada. In a note published
in the Ainerican yoiirnal of Science and Arts^ Vol. lit,
page 145, Third Series, !Mr. Billings mentions the fossils
of the Winooski marble and refers them to his speciev,
Salterella puIcJiella. His description of the fossil taken
from a brochure entitled '•'•Nezv Species of Lower Sihwi-
an Fossils" page iS, is as follows : "Elongate conical gen-
tly curved, six to eight lines in length and one line to one
and a half in width at the aperture. Surface ornamented
with small encircling striic just visible to the naked
eye."

As in specimens from the Winooski marble from
Swanton and also in those from Mallet's Bay near Bur-
lington the SaltereUa is only to be seen distinctly after the
stone is sawn and so only in section, its appearance diflers
somewhat fiom that in the specimens from the Straits of
Belle Isle which furnished the description quoted above.
In section the fossil resembles a series of thimble-shaped
bodies placed one within the other, the first forming a
cup-like cavity in which the animal lived. It is believed
to have been an annelid, though Prof. Dana, Manna/ of
Geology page 187, seems to think it may have been a
pteropod mollusk. The fossils in the Winooski marble
are from .13 in. to .23 in. long and from .09 in. to
.12 in. broad at the aperture.

As the fossils lie imbeded in the rock in all positions
we have in the cut slabs sections crossing the cylindrical

220 WINOOSKI MARBLE.

shell in all directions so that the appearance at first
glance is that of a number of different species, but thus
far I think but one species has been certainly identified,
though it is probable that there are more. The fossils,
as they are white, show distinctly on the red background
of the rock after it has been sawn, but as fragments of cal-
careous rock of white or light color of all shades and
sizes are scattered through the red cementing material,
fossils are not very easily distinguished from the frag-
ments on a fractured surface.

They do not appear to be at all common as a diligent
search has thus far enabled us to procure but a very lim-
ited number of pieces of stone containing them. Nor do
they cover large patches in the rock usually, most of the
clusters are not larger than -the palm of the hand and
such a cluster may occur alone in the midst of a large
slab of marble. In one specimen which I found they
covered, in some places so thickly as to form a compact
mass, a surface twenty inches in diameter, but I have
seen iio other specimen that approached this in size.

They never occur sprinkled through a large mass of
stone but always in clusters having from thirty to fifty
sections in a space an inch square. Nor do they form
thick la3ers, very rarely do they appear at all on both
sides of a slab an inch in thickness; usually they do not
seem to form a layer more than half an inch in depth.
The marble occurs in "bed§" from one to six feet thick,
the outer surface of the bed or layer is, to a slight depth,
of light color and shows to but a slight extent the charac-
ter of the stone. It is near this outer surface of the blocks
that the Salterella occurs. I believe that in no case have
any been found in the middle of a block ; so my own inves-
tigations have shovv'n and so I am assured by Mr. Barney
from whom I have obtained several pieces.

WINOOSKI MARBLE. 231

Besides the Salterella I have seen bodies in the marble
which I have no doubt were fragments of fossils but they
were too imperfect to be identified. One piece however
contained sections of what I believe to be identical with,
or at least very closely allied to, the Archeocyathtis At-
lanticus Billings, figured and described in the above men-
tioned work page 4, and also on page 283 of Geology of
Canada. It is rather uncertain work to try to identify
such fragments of fossils as the rock may contain as they
are much broken and are mixed with great numbers of
similar fragments which are not fossils from which they
cannot be certainly distinguished.

In addition I wish to say a few words in regard to the
formation in which the marble occurs beginning with the
marble itself. This is a dolomite containing considerable
silica and iron. Much of it is a breccia ; the angular frag-
ments are of lighter color than the cementing material in
nearly all cases and have obviously been but little dis-
turbed since broken as it is not uncommon to find several
fragments near together, separated, it may be, by but the
tenth of an inch, which evidently would fit exactly to-
gether could they be nioved. The better varieties of the
stone are very hard, compact, durable, take a high polish
and are ver}^ beautiful. All shades of red from the most
delicate flesh-color to deep chocolate brown occur, in all
cases mingled with pure white, sometimes in equal pro-
portions, sometimes the lighter colors predominating,
sometimes the darker. I doubt if anywhere a greater
variety can be found than occurs in any lot of fragments
of the Winooski marble. In fact it is much more diffi-
cult often to find two pieces from different beds exactly
alike than it is to find two quite different.

Some of the slabs from the same layer of course resem-
ble each other quite closely, but not infrequently a block

222 WIXOOSKI MARBLE.

will afford forty or fift}- slabs each noticeably different
from the rest. The arrangement of the light and dark
shades varies in different blocks and in the same blocks
sawn in different directions. Sometimes the colors ap-
pear more or less distinctly stratified, sometimes the light
masses are of definite form, sometimes they are lai-ge,
sometimes small, varying from tlie size of a pea to sev-
eral inches long and broad. Some of the beds do not ex-
hibit with any distinctness the brecciated structure but
are clouded, the different colors mixing and shading into
each other with no definite borders and in this way many
very beautiful shades are produced.

The stone endures exposure to the weather almost as
well as granite, perhaps quite as well, but its color fades
so that it loses much of its beauty after long exposure,
but for indoor work it cannot be surpassed in durability.
It is not easily attacked by acids, is not easily, stained or
scratched and its richness and variety of color commend
it to all and I believe that it never fades when not directly
exposed to the action of sunshine and storm.

The Winooski marble forms a part of a formation well
known to geologists as the Red Sandrock af Vermont, a
formation over which many battles have been waged aud
whose age is scarcely regarded as entirely settled even
now by some, though most have no doubt of its position
as a part of the Potsdam Group. This Red Sandrock ex-
tends through western Vermont from near the Canada
line southward to near Shoreham dipping to the east-
ward. It consists of some sandstone but quite as much,
perhaps more, of dolomite, with some slate. It is usually
a fine grained, compact rock not easily bi'oken and in
man}^ places contains species of trilobites and mollusks
characteristic of the Potsdam. The thickness of the Red
Sandrock formation is given by Sir William Logan

EDITORIAL. 223

in a section taken near Swanton as follows :

White and red dolomites with sandy layers (In

part Winooski marble) 370 feet.

Gray argillaceous limestone with sea weeds no "

Buff sandy dolomite weathering brown 40

Dark gray and bluish black slate with thin

bands of dolomite 130

Other measures, dolomites, sandstones, and

limestones 60

a

Total thickness of section 710 feet.

The above section gives a very good idea of the most
prominent members of the Red Sandrock formation.
The wliole thickness of the formation is over 3,000 feet.
The mottled dolomite, whose more compact beds are the
Winooski marble, does not occur, so far as I am aware,
farther south than Mallet's Bay six miles north of Bur-
lington. South of this point it becomes sandrock, though
not always red but it loses its mottled character and is
nearly of a uniform shade from dark red to reddish dove
color. Its chemical composition varies considerably.
The dolomite portion contains lime and magnesia in the
form of carbonates and in about equal proportions, silica
to the amount of from 10 to 20 per cent, and alumina
and iron together in about the same amount.

Editorial. — We tender our thanks to the citizens of
the City of Burlington, for so generously subscrib-
ing for the First Series of this Journal, and thus en-
abling us to proceed with its publication. It is our aim
after the publication of the Flowering Plants of the State
by Prof. Perkins and the Flowerless Plants by Mr. Frost,
to devote the Journal to more popular matter on scientific
subjects ; in the mean time, however, we shall give one or

224 BOOKS.

two articles of a more popular character than mere lists,
in each number. We hope to be able at no distant date
to issue it oftener than four times a year, and in a much
larger size. Heretofore the Journal has been somewhat
irregular in its appearance, but now we feel confident of
its being out on time. The paging has been arranged
convenient for binding when the Series is completed.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.

Prc-Hisioric Races of the United States. — By J. W. Foster,

LL. D. pp 415. S. C. Griggs & Co., Chicago, Illinois.
The evidences of a race of human beings who inhabited the earth
at a very remote period, perhaps in pre-Adamite times, are at-
tracting the attention of scientific observers at the present time.
That such a race existed upon this Continent, differing in char-
acter and customs from the race who dwelt here at the time of
the discovery of America, we have reason to believe. We
have in this work the embodiment of such materials as relate to
this subject in the United States. The work is a credit to both
author and publishers.

1'ear-Book of Nature and Popular Science for 1872. By J. C.
Draper, M. D. Scribner, Armstrong &: Co., New York.

This work embraces extracts from the most important papers
that have appeared during the previous year.

Lepidoptera. — Rhoplialoceres, vnd Heteroceres, indigenous and
exotic. By Herman Strecker, Reading, Pa.

Number II, illustrates: Papilio Indra; P. anticostiensis, Nov.
Sp. ; P. pilumnus; and Pieris menapia. Number III, illustrates:
Catocala tristis ; C. viduata; C. lacrymosa; C. obscura, Nov.
Sp. ; C. relicta; C. briseis ; C. faustina, Nov. Sp. ; C. coccinata;
and C. cerogama.

Fourth and Fifth Annual Reports of the Noxious, Beneficial,
and other Insects, of the State of Missouri. By C. V. Riley,
State Entomologist, pp. 145 and 160.

Inductive Inquiries in Physiology, Ethics, and Ethnology. By
A. H. Dana, pp 308. A. S. Barnes & Co., New York.

Fourteen Weeks in Human Physiology. By J. Dorman Steele,
Ph. D. pp 238. A. S. Barnes & Co., New York.

ARCHIVES OF SCIENCE.

Vol. I. APRIL, 1S74. No. VTII.

Observations on Ozone^ and its Relation to Disease. —
J^y Hiram A. Cutting., A. J/i, Al. /?., State Geologist.,
Lu7tenburgJi., Vertnont. — Delivered at the jifty-third
Annual Meeting of the White Mountain Medical So-
ciety, yanuary ^th., 1S74. — Published by Vote of the

Society.

To the physician. as well as to the chemist, or meteorolo
gist, perhaps no subject possesses more attraction than
that of ozorie. Whether it is considered in relation to its
supposed functions in the atmosphere, or its presumed
connection with various diseases, or even the partial
mystery of its origin, or if we speculate on its relation to
oxygen we find it a subject of peculiar interest. When

226 OZONE.

we commence investigations concerning it we start oft*
imder many disadvantages. Observers are contradictory
in their statements, antl it is a world of theory with only
now and then an isolated fact.

The amount of ozone in the atmosphere is seldom if
ever correctly estimated ; like measuring the velocity of
tlic wind wc can approximate towards correctness; but
to say that we can accurately determine the exact quan-
tity would be at least a very doubtful statement. Yet
tliis determination must be the foundation of all accurate
knowled<re in relation to its eftccts. Various methods
have been employed to ascertain the presence of ozone in
tlie atmosphere, among which are iodide of potassium
with starch, and also with various other compeunds.
Gum guaiacmn. thallium, etc., all of which I have exper-
imented with, but 1 shall s})cak in detail of one only.
The iodide uf potassium and starch is perhajis the easiest
to manage, and with pure iodide free from iodate with
ivhich it is frequently combined, it may be prepared by
dissolving one part of the iodide in two hundred parts of
distilled water, to which solution ten parts of finely pow-
dered starch may be added, and all gently heated until it
is thickend like starch used by the laundress. In this so-
Uition while warm dip strips of bleached cotton cloth
which have been thorovighly cleansed and previously
dried, squeeze out the excess of starch and hang before a
hot fire to dry. Cloth thus prepared should be white and
quite stift'with the starch. Next cut in strips one inch
wide and three inches long, and put up in ground stop-
pered bottles. In this way it may be kept any length of
time desired. When wanted a strip can be removed and
exposed in a sheltered situation, away from sunlight and
manifest causes of impurit}' in the atmosphere.

A wooden box open at the top and bottom two feet

OZONE. 227

long and four inches square, hung against a tree, I have
found as good as any other more expensive arrangement.
After proper exposure the color must be noted. I have
adojDted the scale of ten sliadings, from the lightest tint to
the darkest brown we ever obtain. This is the same scale
adopted in Eyirope. Several exposures in diflerent man-
ners at the same time are desirable as by comparison
your result becomes more valuable.

This test has been condcmed by man}', and I must ad-
mit that it requires attention to remedy its defects. The
most o-rave is the combination of iodate in the salt used
which may be detected by tartaric acid. This disengages
from the iodate hvdriodic and iodic acids, which immedi-
ately react on each other producing free iodine and water ;
while tartaric acid has no immediate cifect upon the io-
dide beyond the slow formation of hydriodic acid. This
if long exposed will combine with oxygen from the at-
mosphere producing water and free iodine. When, how-
ever small a trace of iodate is present discoloration
immediately takes place proportionate to the amount.
Again dampness hastens the discoloration and so the rel-
ative humidity should be taken into account. Iodate of
potassium may form on your test strips and prevent dis-
coloration, being exactly equal to what would have been
set free by the ozone, provided no iodate had been formed.
This may be counteracted and the iodine set free by a
spray thrown upon the test from a solution of tartaric
acid by a common atomizer and you will then have the
proper shade.

I have entered this much into detail to show how ob-
servers by want of proper care may have fallen into er-
rors, and thus have arisen the contradictory opinions ex-
pressed by various writers. What ozone is has but
recently been established ; but thanks, to Andrews an(^.

228 OZONE.

Soret as well as other eminent men that have lent their
aid to our present knowledge, which enables us to state
that ozone is a condensed or allotropic form of oxygen,
and they are mutually convertable the one into the other
without the production of any other body.

Ozone is active as a disinfectant or deodorizer remov-
insT all noxious odors ; but it is also an active oxidizer of
metals. Silver or even gold is tarnished by it. To show
its purifying power I will detail one experiment which
any person can repeat at will. I know of but one sub-
stance more offensive than putrid flesh, and that is putrid
blood. Yet blood may l)c exposed to the atmosphere
until quite putrid, and the clot softened then put in a bot-
tle where after some time the clot will dissolve as a result
of alkaline decomposition. In this state you cannot im-
agine a more offensive fluid ; yet l)y passing a current of
ozone through it or even over it, the bad smell will all
pass away or be neutralized rather ; and the mass will
become quite sweet. From this you can see that ozone
is an active agent that under the directing power of man
may accomplish much.

How large a part it plays in the production of edible
products from old bones, and other nauseous substances,
I do not pretend to know. As ozone is not a natural
condition of oxygen of course its production concerns us,
and how it is produced in nature ; and how it may be
produced so as to be of use to the physician, chemist or
manufacturer is of great importance. In nature the oxi-
dation of metals, the decomposition of rocks, the germi-
nation of seeds, the growth of plants, especially the at-
mospheric algEe, the falling of rain, hail, or snow, the
evaporation of saline fluids, the dashing of the waves of
the ocean on the coast currents, in the atmosphere clouds
and many other of the phenomena of nature, are all con-

OZONE. 229

cerned in the simultaneous production of electricity and
ozone. The French Academy have ascertained that
much ozone is developed under the action of blowing
machines. This may in part account for the healthful
action of winds.

As ozone, to be of advantage to the physician, must be
developed at his will, I will state that it is easily pro-
duced by the electric current as follows : A sufficient bat-
tery is required to give an inch spark with a coil. A
glass tube about two and a half feet long having a half
inch bore at one end and near the other contracted to one-
eighth of an inch. Pass a wire from the coil into the
large end of this tube and out at the side near the
point of contraction. Melt sealing wax around the wire
so as to prevent the air from passing in or out at the side
of the tube, but leave the ends open. Coil the other wire
from the electric coil around the outside of the tube fol-
lowing the tube down to the point of exit where connect
the wires, and pass the current of electricity. By passing
the air through this tube slowly the oxygen will be
changed to ozone. The conducting wires from such a coil
will always give more or less ozone which, in a common
sized room, can easily be detected by the smell. It is
thought that one-millionth part of ozone in the atmos-
phere can be thus detected.

It has a pungent smell which has been compared to
the smell of sulj^hur. By rubbing a rubber comb ozone
and electricity will both be evolved and you can thus
get the odor distinctly. It can frequently be observed
in a building after it has lieen struck by lightning. It
was observable four weeks afterwards in a house in Kirby
struck by lightning two years ago. It is sometimes faintly
perceptible during or after thunder storms as I have my-
self twice observed. If an electric coil is not at hand

230 OZONE.

SO you can take advantage of electricity, you can read-
ily produce ozone by the action of strong sulphuric acid
upon permanganate of potassium. It is only necessary
to mix very gradually three j^arts of the acid with two
parts of the salt, and this mixture will not only give
off ozone al:)undantl3- but will not cease to give it off for
months. You will at once see that in this way it can
be introduced into any invalid's chamber when desira-
ble, and it can thus be used for the purification of the
air of hospitals or pul)lic aj?semblies.

As it is evolved by electricity and also by chemical
action it would seem almost certain tliat it would be a
constant ingredient of our atmosphere. As we have
seen it is b)' no means a passive agent and the cjuery
will at once arise as to its effect upon animate nature.
The result of my experiments as well as that from the
experiments of others, show that an ozonized atmos-
phere will produce an irritation of the mucous mem-
branes of the nostrils, throat, conjunctivae, and even
congestion of the lungs. It accelerates rcsj^iration and
circulation, excites the nervous system, and those effects
continue after the withdrawal of the cause.

Of this I have had ample experience, and will say
that when following up experiments upon ozone for
some days, I had an attack akin to pneumonia which
came near being serious. I was attended by Dr. Ful-
som who can state that the active stage of inflammation
was very severe, though the recovery was rapid beyond
precedent. I did not then realize the cause, but have
since observed the results too often to be mistaken. Not
that I intend to take averdoses of ozone but in experi-
ments with it enough escapes into a room when closed as
in cold weather to produce these effects.

Reasoning from this we should infer that a class of dis-

VERMONT FLORA. 23 1

eases with such a diagnosis, might have their severity
increased by a an increase of ozone, even if an increased
amount did not induce them. Further as ozone is fully
settled to be one of the elements of our atmosphere a
want of or a minimum quantity of s.ich an active agent
might cause diseases of an opposite character.

( Cuiitiiiucd in the next tnimber.)

Catalogue of tJie Flo-werbig Plants of Vermont. — By
Professor George M. Perkins^ Ph. D. — Cofitinued

from page 3 18.

Order.— ROSACE.^.

Geum album, Gmel. White Geum. Not common;
borders of groves and about fences ; May.

G. ViRGixiAXUM, L. Avois. Geum. Low ground
and damp woods ; not very common ; June.

G. STRiCTUM, Ait. Low ground ; not common ; June.

G. R I VALE, L. Purple Geum. Water Avens. Swamps
and moist places ; common ; June.

Waldsteinia fragarioides, Tratt. Barren Straw-
berry. Very common along the borders of woods ;
middle of May.

POTENTILLA NoRVEGiCA, L. Cinque-foH. Fields ;
common ; June.

P. Canadensis, L. Com?non Cinquefoil. Common
in dry fields, pastures and roadsides ; May.

P. argentea, L. Silvery Cinquefoil. Common in
fields and along roadsides ; June.

23i VERMONT FLORA.

P. ARGUTA, Pursli. Interval land and moist ground;
common ; June.

P. AxSERiNA, L. Silver Weed. Goose Weed. Com-
mon on sand}' or low rocky shores of Lake Champlain ;

p. i-iiuTicosA, L. Shrubby ■Cinqnc-foil. Rocky
banks of WinooJ-ki and elsewhere on ledges; not com-
mon ; Alay.

P. TKiDENTATA, Ait. MoinitaiH Cliique-foll. Near
Summit of Mansfield and Camel's Hump mountains ;

July.

p. PALU.STR1S, Scop. Comarum palustre, L. Marsh
Five- Finger. Swamps; rare; last of June.

FuAGARiA ViRGiMAXA, Ehrh. Wild Straxvberry. Less
common usually than the next ; May.

F. VESCA, L. Wild Strazc'berty. Common in fields;
ISIay.

Dalibauda repens, L. Common in moist woods and
on mountain sides ; June.

RuBUS ODORATUS, L. Floweriiig Raspberry. Abun-
dant on shaded rocky hillsides and along forest roads;
Jime.

R, TRiFLORUS, Rich. Dzca?'/ Raspberry. Not abun-
dant ; moist ground ; May.

R. STRiGOSUS, Michx. Commofi Red Raspberry.
Very abundant in moist fields, on rocky hillsides and
over clearings ; May.

R. occiDENTALis, L. Black Raspberry. Thi?nble-
berry. Common though much less so than the preced-
ing species ; May.

R. viLLOSUS, Ait. J^igli Blackberry. Common

alouCT the borders of mountain forests, in damp fields
and in rocky soil ; June.

R. Canadensis, L. Loxu- Blackberry. Dewberry.
Fields and hillsides ; June.

R. HiSPiDUS, L. Running Blackbeny. Swamps and
moist places ; June.

VERMONT FLORA. 233

Rosa Carolina, L. Wild Rose. Rocky pastures,
roadsides, etc.

R. LUCiDA, Ehrh. Smaller Wild Rose. % Shore?, oilcake
Champlain ; not common ; June.

R. BLANDA, Ait. Early Wild Rose. Common on high
ground ; June.

R. *rubiginosa, L. Sweet Brier. Eglatitiiie. Rocky
pastures ; not common ; June.

Crat^gus coccinea. L. Ha'wthorn.\ Common in
thickets ; May.

C. TOMENTOSA, L. Black TJiorn. Black Haxv. Found
chiefly in the southern part of the state ; June.

C. TOMENTOSA., var. punctata, Gray. C. punctata,
Jacq. Not common ; May.

C. crus-galli, L. Cockspur TJwrn. Common in
many places ; June.

Pyrus arbutifolia, L. Choke-berry. Common in
dry woods ; May. — var. erythrocarpa. Red Choke-
berry. Dry woods ; May. — \ar. melanocarpa. Black
Choke-berry. Swamps and wet places ; May.

P. Americana, DC. Mountain Ash. Common in
mountain forests, reaching nearly to the summits of
many of the higher mountains, also grows sparingly in
swamps ; June.

Amelanchier Canadensis, Torr. and Gray. Shad
Tree, jfiine-beny. Very common along the borders
of fields and on hillsides ; May. — var. Botryapium,
Gray. Common along borders of woods ; May. — var.
oblongifolia. Gray. Common in woods and fields ;
May. — var. rotundifolia. Gray. Rocky hillsides
along rivers ; May. — var. oligocarpa. Gray. Sum-
mits of the higher mountains and very rarely in
sivamps ; June.

Order.— SAXIFRAGACEy^.

RiBES Cynosbati, L. Wild Gooseberry. Common
in rocky woods ; May.

234 LICHENES.

R. LACUSTRE, Poir. Sivainp Gooseberry. Not com-
mon ; swamps and mountain forests ; May.

R. PROSTRATUM, L'Hcr. ^fountain Currant. Mount-
ain forests ; not common ; May.

R, FLORiDUM, L. Wild Black Currant. Woods ; not
common ; May.

R. RUBRUM, L. Commoti Garden Currant. vSwampy
and rocky places ; not very common ; ^lay.

Catalogue oj' the Cryptogamoits or Plo~verlcss Plants
of Vermont. — By C. C. JFrost. Brattleborough., Ver-
mont. — Continued J~?'om page 195.

LICHENES.*

Ramalina calicaris, Fr. ; trees, rails, etc. — a. fraxinea,
Fr. ; trees, rails, etc. — 6. fastigiata, Fr. ; trees, rails,
etc. — c. canaliculata, Fr. ; trees, rails, etc. — d. farina-
cea, Schair. ; trees, rails, etc.

Ceti-aria Islandica, Ach. Mansfield Mountain.

C. cucullata, Ach. Mansfield Mountain.

C. nivalis, Ach. Mansfield Mountain.

C. aleurites Th. Fr. Mansfield Mountain.

*I herewith tender my thanks to Prof. Edw. Tuckerman, of
Amherst, Mass.. for the revision of this department of my Enu-
meration of the Flowerless Plants of Vermont, and for many val-
uable additions made by him, which has so greatly enhanced
its value. C. C. Frost.

LICHENES. 235

C. glauca, Ach. Trunks, stones, etc.

C sepincola, Ach. Mansfield Mountain.

C. Fahlunensis, Schffir. Mansfield Mountain.

C. lacunosa, Ach. Trees, rails, etc.

C. aurescens, Tuck. Trunks and branches of Coniferse.

C. Oakesiana, Tuck. Trees in forests.

C. juniperiana, — var. virescens, Tuck. Mansfield Mt.

C. pinastri, Sommerf. Mansfield Mountain.

C. ciliaris, Ach. Trees ; common.

Evernia prunastri, Ach. Trees.

E. furfuracea, Mann. ; trunks, fertile. — var. cladonia,

Tuck. ; trunks, fertile.
Usnea barbata, Fr. ; mostly on trees. — a. florida, Fr. ;
mostly on trees. — b. strigosa, Ach. ; mostly on trees. —
c. rubiginea, Miclix. ; mostly on trees. — d. hirta, Fr. ;
rails. — e. dasypoga, Fr. ; trees.
Alectoria jubata ; rails, infertile. — var. chalybeiformis,
Ach. ; rails, common. — var. implexa, Fr. ; trees in
mountain w^oods.
Theloschistes chrysophthalmus. Norm. Trees.
T. parietinus, Norm.; trunks and rocks. — var. . polycar-
pus, Fr. ; trunks and rocks. — var. lychneus, Nyl. ;
trunks and rocks.
T. concolor, (Dick.) Tuck. Trees.
Farmelia perforata, Ach. ; trunks. — var. crinita. Tuck. ;

trunks.
P. perlata, Ach. ; rocks and trees. — var. olivetorum ;

rocks and trees.
P. tiliacea, Ach. Trunks and rails.
P. Borreri, \ar. rudecta. Tuck. Trunks.
P. saxatilis, Ach. Rocks and stones.
P. laevigata, Ach. Trunks.
P. pertusa, Schser. Rocks.

P. physodes, Ach. ; dead wood and rocks. — var. entcro-
morpha. Tuck. ; dead wood and rocks.

236 LICHENES.

P. colpodes, Ach. Trees.

P. olivacea, Ach. : trunks. — var, panniformis, Nyl. ;

trunks. — var. sorediata, Nyl. ; trunks.
P. stygia, Ach. Rocks.
P.- caperata, Ach. Trunks and stones.
P. conspersa, Ach. ; rocks and stones.— var. stenophyl-

la ; rocks and stones.

P. centrifuga, Ach. Rocks in mountains.

Physcia ciliaris, var. angustata. Tuck. Devil's den, Wil-
loughby Lake.

P. aquilla. var. detonsa, Tuck. Rocks and trees.

P. pulverulenta, Fr. ; trunks, — var. pityrea ; trunks.

P. stellaris, Wahl. ; trunks, dead wood and rocks. — var.
astroidea, Ach. ; trunks, dead wood and rocks. — var.
tribacia, Fr. ; trunks, dead wood and rocks.

P. stellaris. Wallr. ; trunks, rocks, etc. — var. aipolia,

Scha;r. ; trunks, rocks, etc. — var. hispida, Fr. ; trunks.

rocks, etc.
P. cassia, Ach. ; rocks, stones and dead wood. — var. stel-

lata, Fr. ; rocks, stones and dead wood- — var. tribacia,

Fr. ; rocks, stones and dead wood.

P. speciosa, Ach. ; trunk and i^ocks. — var. hypoleuca,
Mich. ; trunks.

P. obscura, Fr. Trunks.

Pyxine Cocoes, var. sorediata. Tuck. Trunks.

Umbilicaria Pennsylvanica, Hoflm. Rocks.

U. pustulata, var. papulosa. Tuck. Rocks.

U. proboscidea, DC. Stenh. Rocks. Mansfield Mt.

U. flocculosa, Hoffm. Rocks.; Mansfield Mountain.

U. Dillenii. Tuck. Rocks.

U. erosa, Hofim. Rocks ; Mansfield Mountain.

U. hvperborea, Hoflm. Rocks; Mansfield Mountain.

U. Muhlenbergii, Ach. Rocks.

Sticta crocata, Ach. Mossy rocks.

S. pulmonaria, Ach. Trees and rocks.

LICHENES. 33f

S. quercizans, Ach. Alossy rocks.

S. glomerulifera, Ach. Trees and rocks.

S. toinentosum, Koerb. Trunks.

Xephi-oma, IcBvigatum, Ach. , Trunks, etc.

N. Helveticum, x\ch. Trees and rocks.

Peltigera aphthosa, Hoffm. Rocks among mosses.

P. canina, Hoftm. Rocks among mosses.

P. rufescens, Hoflhi. Rocks among trees.

P. polydactyla, Hotim. Rocks among mosses.

P. horizontalis, Hofthi. Rocks among mosses.

P. venosa. Hoffm. Earth in woods.

Solorina saccata, Ach. Limerocks. Burlington and
Westmore.

Pannaria hmuginosa, Ach. Rocks, infertile.

P. microphylla, Stenh. Rocks in woods.

P. nigra, Xyl. Rocks in woods.

P. molybdaea, var. cronia, Tuck. Rocks in mountains.

P. crossophylla. Tuck. Rocks near streams.

P. rubiginosa, Ach. Trees.

P. leucosticta. Tuck. Rocks in woods.

P. flabellosa. Tuck. Stones near streams.

P. melamph}lla,. Tuck. Rocks near streams.

Ephebe pubescens, Fr. Rocks in mountains.

E. solida, Born. Rocks in streams.

Synalissa polycocca, Nyl. Granitic rocks.

Omphalaria phyllisea, Wahl. Granitic rocks.

Collema pulposum, Ach. Earth.

C leptaleum. Tuck. Trunks,

C. nigrescens, Ach. Rocks and trunks.

C. rvssoleum, Tuck. Granite rocks.

C. furvum, Ach. Calcareous rocks.

tJ. flaccidvun, Ach. Rocks.

Leptogiiun tremelloides, Fr. Trunks and trees.

L. lacerum, Fr. Earth among mosses.

238 LICHENES.

L. dactvlinuni, Tuck. Calcareous schists.
L. crenatellum. Tuck. Trunks near water.
L. niyochrouni, Ehrli. Trunks, infertile.
L. muscicola, Fr. Mossy trunks.
L. chloromelum, S\v. Hard bark of trees.
Hydrothyria veuosa, Russell. In mountain rivulets.
Placodium elegans, DC. Rocks ; Burlington, Wil-
lougliby Lake.

P. miMoruni. DC. Rocks and stones.

P. vitclliiiuiii. .Veil. Dead wood and rocks.

P. cinnabariuuni. .Vuri.

P. aurantiacuni. Light. ; okl fences. — var. fulvum. ;

trunks and rocks.
P. cerinuni, Iledw. ; trunks, rocks and stones. — var. si-

deritis. Tuck. ; rocks.

P. rupestre, Nyl. Limerocks.
Lecanora Frostii, Tuck. Granitic rocks.
L. muralis, Schaer. Rocks and stones.

L. cervina. var. glaucocarpa, Sommerf. ; limerocks. —
var. squamulosa ; granitic and limerocks. — var. dis-
creta, Fr. ; rocks. — var. privigna, Ach. ; rocks. — var.
pruinosa, Ach. ; limerocks.

L. rubina. Vill. Rocks.

L. frustulosa, Ach. Rocks.

L. subfusca, Fr. ; trunks and rocks. — var. discolor, Fr. ;
trunks, etc. — var. distans. Fr. ; trunks, etc.

L. elatina, var. ochropha^a, Tuck. Trunks of Firs.

L. varia, Fr. Dead wood, stones and trunks.

L. pallescens, Fr. Trunks, rails and stones.

L. alliella, Ach. Trunks.

L. tartarea, Ach. ; rocks in mountains. — var. frigida,
Ach. ; rocks in mountains.

L. Cenisia, Fr. Rocks.

L. atra, Ach. Rocks.

L. cinerea. Fr. Rocks.

LICHENES. 239

L. ventosa, Fr. Rocks in mountains.

Rinodia oreina, Ach. Rocks.

R. sophodes, Ach. ; trunks and dead wood.— yar. con-

fragosa, Nyl. ; rocks.— var. exigua, Nyl. ; smootli

bark.
R. ascociscana, Tuck. Trees and rocks.
R. constans, Nyl. Pine bark.
Pertusaria pertusa, Ach. ; trimks. — var. areohita. Fr. ;

trunks.
p. multipuncta, Nyk Trees.
P. Wulfenii, DC. Trunks.
p. vehita, Nvk Trunks and dead woocL
P. pustulata. Ach. Trunks.
P. globularis. Ach. On mosses.
Conotrema lU'ceoLata, Tuck. Trunks.
Gyalecta cupuhiris. Schajr. Limerocks.
G. kitea, Dicks. Bark of trees.
G. pineti, Fr. Earth.

Urceolaria scruposa, Sommerf. Rocks and trunks.
Thelotrema subtile, Tuck. Trunks.
T. lepadinum. Ach. Trunks.
Stereocaulon tomentosum, Fr. Rocks and stones.
S. paschale, Laur. Rocks and stones.
S. corallinum, Fr. Rocks and stones.
Cladonia turgida, Hoftm. Earth.

C. pyxidata, Fr. ; earth. — var. ctespiticea, Flocrk. ; trunks.
C. gracilis, var. verticillata, Fr. ; earth. — var. elongata.

Fr. ; earth.
C. fimbriata, Fr. Earth.
C. squamosa, Hoftm. Base of trees.
C. furcata, FlcErk. Earth.

C. rangiferina, Hoftm. ; earth.- — var. alpestris, Fr. ; earth.
C. uncialis, Fr. Earth.
C. cornucopioides, Fr. Earth.

240

MCHENES.

C. cristatella. Tuck. Earth.

Baeomyces roseus, Pers. .Sterile clay soil, and sands.

B. Byssoides. var. riipestris, Fr. Sterile sandy soil, etc.

B. cEruginosa, Scop. Decaying wood in forests

Biatora Russcllii, Tuck. Rocks.

B. ostreata, Kccrb. Charred wood.

B. coarctata. Th. Fr. Calcareous locks.

ARCHIVES OF SCIENCE.

Vol. I. Jin.Y, 1874. No. IX.

Observations on Ozone, and its Relation to Disease. —
By Hiram A. Cutting. A. M.. J\L D.. State Geologist .,
Ltinenbnrgh^ \\^rmont. — Delivered at the Jifty-tJiird
Annual Meetimr of the White Mountain Mcdieal So-
cietv. January ^th. 1874. — Published bv J'ote of the
Society. — Con ti meed from page ^3 1 .

As ozone increases in amount according to elevation
for at least two thousand five hundred feet, and some ob-
serve! s say to four thousand feet in inland sections, and
as the sea breeze is much more ozoniferous tlian land
breezes, we ought to hud the following results : That in^
fluenza and all catarrhal diseases of Ihc nuicous mem-
branes and lungs, shoid.(l be more fotal on our hills thai,!

243 OZONE.

in our valleys, especially on our low sti'cams ; while chol-
era and all diseases of that character should be less fatal
on high land. We cannot suppose that those diseases
can actually be prevented or induced by the small a-
mount of ozone in the atmosphere, but every thing else
being equal the predisposition from the same causes
would doubtless be accelerated or retarded by the want
of, or excess of ozone.

This subject is one of extreme interest both to the phys-
iological and pathological student. A systematic at-
tempt should be made to ascertain if this body, so ener-
getic in its affinities, and so powerful in its actions, pos-
sesses when artificially prepared any remedial virtues in
diseases ; especially those of suboxidation, such as dia-
betis, the lithic and oxalic acid diatheses, etc., as well as
in catarrhal and choleraic diseases. Science docs not at
present enable us unfortunately to make any positive
statement as to what is, and what is not, an unhealthy
atmosphere.

The germs of epidemic diseases so much talked of,
have never been fully identified, but if they exist, ozone
as nature's most energetic disinfectant, should purify, and
necessarily must decompose much of the deleterious pro-
ducts of putrefaction, and it would stand to reason as
ozone is found at once to destroy rudimentary germs of
vegetable life, that if such germs for the production of
disease really exist, it would have a strong tendency to
destroy them. Reasoning from this, epidemic diseases
should be more virulent when ozone is in the minimum
amount, but there are contradictory opinions about such
being the case.

It is said that variola in Europe has assumed its most
malignant type when ozone was in medium amount, but
perhaps it WAS never rnore persistent and epidemic, or fa-

OZONE. 243

tal in its results, than it was in our cities last winter, with
ozone at minimum. Then again the country is frequently
well supplied with ozone when our cities are entirely de-
ficient, and even in Vermont we may have for a time an
abundant supply in one part of the state, with but lit-
tle in another. From this you can see the uncertainty of
conclusions based upon anything but absolute observa-
tion at the time and place of such epidemic. And then
without experience with such tests as are valid, observa-
tions are of little worth.

When I coinmenced observations, after an extensive
correspondence with those whom I presumed were author-
ity in the case, at considerable expense I had a tin aspi-
rator made according to the most approved plan, with
brass stop-cocks and connections. I always had ozone
uniform in amount, and doubtless develojDcd by the
combination of metals giving a galvanic current. De-
ductions from such observations of course would lead to
error. Now we have thus far from experiments I'easoned
out our conclusions. They are of no wortli luiless sus-
tained by positive fact, and here comes our difficulty ;
there is ofreat variation in the statements of diflerent ob-
servers.

But I will bring forward a few instances where there
seems no doubt but what the ozone was properly esti-
mated ; as it was so estimated by men of eminence and
exjoerience. In 1866 cholera destroyed in England alone
ten thousand three hundred persons, and during much of
this period of sickness ozone was at its minimum, and for
the whole time it was not above three on a scale often.
Cholera is always found to decrease and ozone to increase
with elevation ; all admit this. In the countries of Eu-
rope, several times a want of ozone has marked cholera
epidemics. Morasses and stagnant water are absorbents

244 OZONE.

of ozone, and as a rule it does not exist around them.
They are admitted to l)e unhealthy places, especially in
times of dysentery or cholera morbus.

In the English cattle-disease of iS66 almost all the cat-
tle died in hnv situations and about the cities where there
was no ozone ; but in the hill country where ozone was
four on a scale of ten, few if any died. The Highlands
of Scotland were not onl} free from the cattle-disease but
free from cholera, with ozone at four and one half. Tiiis
was certainly a peculiar coincidence if ozone had nothing
to do with it. On the other hand we find that sea breezes
of New Enghuul arc more strongly impregnated than the
atmosphere inland, and such sea breezes are a disadvan-
tage to consumptives, and arc productive of much ca-
tarrh. Diphtheria in Europe and America has always
appeared as an epidemic when ozone has been above five
in ciur scale, or at its maximum ; and as the amount of
ozone has decreased, this disease has not only decreased
in fatality but in frequency also.

But as you all have the same access to authors on the
subject that I have, I w ill not bring forward illustrations
from them but speak of my own experience. Firs^ : that
from three to five has shown a general state of health.
Second : that below* that standard choleraic diseases with
dysentery among children have predominated. Third : that
above that standard catarrhal and inflammatory diseases
have taken precedence, yet during all this period now
and then a case would appear in contradiction, or in other
words the classification has not been exclusive.

But let us review this period. In 1871, in January and
February there was a medium amount of ozone, with now
and then sickness from special causes, but nothing that
would seem to dej^art from what would be termed a
healthy condition, until March, which was peculiar for

OZONE. 245

the rapid spread of mumps. (Ozone three to four) . As
the spring opened there were shght catarrhal diseases,
following the increase of ozone until the twenty-fifth of
May, when there were several severe cases of pneumonia,
most of which experienced recurrent attacks. This pre-
disposition to lung disease continued nearly up to the first
of July, passing into a period of general health, following
in August with dysentery (ozone five) among children,
which gradually increased until many adult people were
sick with cholera morbus, and at length it assumed a fa-
tal form, carrying ofFin this section several oldish people,
death being preceded by convulsive attacks, general in
their nature, about forty-eight hours after the commence-
ment of the disease. (Ozone one) .

The last of September this disease assumed a more
manageable form and soon disappeared entirely, but in a
few days, or by the fifteenth of October a large majority
of the people were suflering more or less from catarrhal
difficulties, which they denominated cold in the head.
(At this time ozone was at nine). This state of disease
continued with now and then a case of pneumonia until
December, which was a month of general health, (with
ozone averaging five). In January 1S72 there was much
whooping-cough, but with that exception little disease and
general good health prevailed. Through the summer
there were no typical diseases. (Ozone about medium).

The last of August a few cases of cholera infantum oc-
curred, but none were fatal. There was an occasional case
of lung fever in November, with the horse-disease or epi-
zootic all about us, but it did not reach Lunenburgh until
the fifteenth of November and was at its hight about the
twenty-fifth. (Ozone nine). It seemed to appear in cen-
tral Vermont first and with greater severity which would
accord with ozone here, but it seemed more fatal in our

2^6 02ONE.

cities which are generally deficient in ozone, yet might
have had an excess at that time. Of. this, for the lack of
observers there, I am unable to state.

This disease seemed to be almost identical with influ-
enza in man, and in fine almost every person claimed to
have a touch of it about the first of December. (Ozone
was ten). This passed into a general condition of health
with a recurrence of whooping-cough in January. Ob-
servers in some sections, especially in Masachusetts, re-
ported a very small amount of ozone for January and
Februarv. We all know that variola was epidemic as
never before in and around Boston. This accords with
observations in Europe which show this disease peculiar-
ly sensitive to ozone (which here was three as an aver-
age). The last summer has been a remarkable time
of good health, not only in Lunenburgh but I understand
it quite generally so through this section.

The last of July and the first half of August was
marked by several cases of cholera infantum, followed by
pneumonia and catarrhal diseases in October and Novem-
ber, with a remarkable increase of ozone the last of
November, about the same even as last year during the
horse epidemic, and I expected a reappearance, and I find
many horses were affected somewhat.

Since the excess of ozone catarrhal affections have pve-
dominated. If these observations do not show any thing
definite they certainly show more in favor of our theories
than against them, and though in this utilitarian age some
may think ozone of little consequence, and ask of what
use it is to observe it ; yet I trust that most of the med-
ical fraternity will give it due consideration, and unite
your eftbrts with my own in marking the changes in the
type of your cases, and communicate to me your results.
If you will thus aid me, I will from time to time test for

CLOUD-FORMATION. 247

ozone in the locality of special diseases, and we can thus
hand in hand by years of observation determine what we
can only now see in the possibilities of the future. Should
some of those possibilities prove true our obsei-vations
may be of benefit to mankind.

Ozone may be absorbed in large quantities by cod-liver
oil ; and may it not thus be of use under some circum-
stances.'' Again might it not be worth while in choleraic
diseases to try its inhalation, and see if the inflammatory
action upon the mucous membranes does not mitigate
the prior disease ?

Ozonized oil injected in quadrupeds increases the action
of the heart ; is it possible it might thus in some cases
avail something for man .^ It is now used extensively in
Boston to destroy the empyreumatic taste of whiskey.
Its action on diluted spirit is to bring into existence the
acetic fermentation with great intensity especially if any
sugar be present. Can we not gain hints from effects
thus produced by which we can make it useful.''

Cloud- Formation in the Valley oj" Lake Champlain. —
By yohn M. Currier^ J\/. D.^ Burlington^ Ver?nont.

Passing down one of the streets of Burlington, about four
o'clock, P. M., on the ist day of December, 1S73, I beheld
a beautiful cloud-formation on Lake Champlain. It be-
ing a very cold day the va^Dor as it arose from the lake
was congealed only a few feet above the water, and in
this state was clearly visible. The lake was completely
covered with this frosty vapor, but, here and there, it
arose in columns many hundred feet high, and passed

248 CLOUD-FORMATION.

into a very dense black stratus cloud that hung ever the
lake, and extended as for up and down the valley as the
eye could reach. This cloud was borne away to the
westward and precipitated on the Adirondacks in the
form of snow.

On going to the United States Signal Office in this
city, I learned from the officer in charge. Mr. Geo. H.
Ellerv, the following registry of observations made by
him about that hour : Hight of barometer, 30.75 inches ;
temperature, 3° ; relative humidity, 46 ; direction of the
wind, north with a velocity of one mile per hour. On
referring to the U'ccl^/y Wcat/icr Chronicle of the War
Department for that day I find therein reported : "Clear,
cold weather continued in New England and the St.
Lawrence valley." Mr. Ellery also informed me that
several times he had reported rain at this station when it
was clear weather at all other stations outside of the
Champlain valley.

There is no doubt about evaporation taking place from
all our small streams, ponds, and lakes, but that enough
takes place to produce clouds, and a precipitation of rain
or snow in any considerable amount, is not so clearly de-
monstrable as in the Champlain valley, when the mete-
orological conditions were all so favorable as on the
above-mentioned day. Many days during the past year
I have obsen'ed this dark stratus cloud overhanging the
lake, and borne eastward or westward according to the
direction of the wind, and precipitated on the Green
Mountains or the Adirondacks in the form of rain or
snow ; inany times light rains or cloudy misty weather
is observed in the broad valley between.

During the fourteen years I was in practice at New-
port, on Lake !Memphremagog, I never noticed this cloud-
formation. The valley is very shallow, and the area of the

LICHEXES.

249

lake is small compared with that of Champlain ; these
conditions favor the floating-away of the vapor as fast as
it rises from the lake, with tlic current of the prevailing
wind.

These meteorological conditions -modify very material-
ly, not only vegetation, but the character of the prevail-
ing diseases, of the Champlain valley.

Catalogue oj the C)yptoganioiis or Flcxvcrlcss Plants
of Vermont. — By C. C. Frost., Frattlcboroi^gh, Ver-
mont. — Cotitimicd from page 240.

LICHENES.

Biatora chlorantha. Tuck. Pine bark.

V>. viridescens, Fr. Earth.

1?. decolorans. Fr. Earth on rocks.

B. cinnabarina, Sommerf. Trunks.

B. vernalis. Fr. Trunks, eartli and stones.

B. sanguineo-atra. Xvl. Earth and mosses.

B. ecigua, Fr. Smooth bark.

B. rivulosa, Fr. Granite rocks.

\\. lucida, Fr. Rocks, stones, and dead wood.

B. cyrtella, Ach. Trunks and mosses.

B. mixta, Fr. liark of trees.

B. atro-piu'purea. Mass, Bark of lieinlock.

B. trachona, Flot, Granite rocks.

350 LICHKNES.

B. hvpiiopliila. Turn. Earth and mosses.

H. milliai'ia. Fr. Old rails or wood.

n. rubella, I'^r. : bark of trees. — var. sufVusa, Tuck. ;
trunks antl rocks. — var. Schvvcinit/ii, Tuck. ; bark
of trees. — var. inundata. Fr. : dccayinjj wood.

Ileterothecium pezizoidcuni. Flot. I"'ir baik.
] I. sanjjuinarium. k'lot. Trunks.

H. tuberculosuin, Flot., \ ar. porphyrites. Tuck. Mans-
field Mountain.

r>ccidea contij^ua. Fv. ; rocks and stones.— -var. albo-c(r-
rulescens. Fr. : rocks and stones.

L. t"usco-atra. Vv. Rocks and stones.

L. dolosa. \\ alil. Bark ot ])inci>.

L. s[)ilota. I'r. Tiap and other rocks.

L. nitrlancheinia. Tuck. Trunks and rails.

Biiellia epiu^ea. Pers. ICarth.

B<. lactea. Mass. (iranitic and other rocks.

1^. Icpidastra. Tuck, (jranilic rocks.

B. atro-alba. Flot. Cjranitic and other locks.

B. albo-atra. Th. Fr. Tiunks.

B. coracina. l"li. Fr. Rocks Mansfield Mountain.

]?. parasenia, Ach. 'J'runks and dead woorl.

B. diah ta, Xyl. Pines and hemlocks.

B. mvriocarpa, DC. (Granitic rocks.

B. Eliza). Tuck. Pine bark.

B. saxatilis, Schicr. Rocks.

H. petrea. Flot. ; rocks. — var. Montagnei. Tuck. ; rocks.

B. geographica. Schair. Rocks.

Lecanactis premnea. var. chloroconia. Tuck. Trunks.

Opegrapha varia. Fr. Trunks.

(). atra. Nyl. Trunks.

(jraphis scripta, Ach. Bark of trees.

G. dendritica, Ach. Trunks.

Arthroni?^ lecidella, NyL Trees and shrubs.

T.IClIKSF.S. 251

A. spectabilis, Flot. Various barks.

A. astroidea, Ach. Bark.

Afvcoponim pvcnocarpum, Xyl. Various barks.

Acolium tigillare, De Not. Trunks and old rails.

A. viridulum, De Not. Red pines.

Calicium trichiale. Ach. Rough bark of trees.

C brunneoluni, Ach. Decaying wood.

C. chrysocephalum, Ach. Bark of hemlocks, etc.

C. curtum. Turn, and Borr. Old wood.

C. subtile, Fr. Decaying wood.

C. trachelinum, Ach. Decaying wood and trunks.

C phoecocephalum, Turn. Old wood.

C. tuibinatum, Pers. Crust of Pertusaria pertusa.

C. Curtisii, Tuck. Bark of Rhus.

Coniocybe furfuracea. Fr, Earth, dead bark, swamps.

C. pallida, Fr. Bark of Ash and Oak.

Endocarpon miniatum, var. complicatum. Schxr. ; wet
and dry rocks. — var. Muhlenbergii. Nyl. ; rocks near
streams. — var. fulvo-fuscum, Tuck. ; rocks. — var. a-
quaticum, Schicr. ; wet rocks.

E. pusillum, Iledw. Earth.

E. rufescens, Ach. Earth.

Staurothele umbrina, Wahl. Granite rocks.

S. diftractella. N\l. Schistose rocks.

Trvpethelium virens. I'uck. Trunks.

Sagedia oxyspora, Ach. On bark of Birch and Oak.

S. Cestrensis, Tuck. Bark of the Beech.

Verrucaria epigie, Ach. Naked earth.

V. nigi"escens, Wahl. Rocks and limestones.

V. virens. Nyl. Rocks.

V. rupestris, Schrad. Limerocks.

V. muralis, Ach. Old mortar and limerocks.

Pyrenula punctiformis. Ach. \'arious barks».

P. gemmata. Ach. Trunks.

252 VERMONT FLORA.

I*, hyalospora, X\ 1. \'arioii.s trunks.
P. leucophica. W'ahl. Trunks.
P. nitida, Ach. On smooth l)ark.

Catalogue of the I''l(>i.veri}ig Pla)its of \'er/iiof/t. — JJ v
Professor George //. Perkins. Ph. O. — Lontinited

from -page 234.

Order.— SAXIFRAGACE.^.

Parn'ASSIa Caromniana, Michx. \Vet places; not

common ; August.
Saxip'RAGA OPPOSiTiFOi.iA. L. Mountain .Saxifrage.

W'illoughby Lake, A. Wood ; May.
S. AizoiDES, L. Tello'v Saxifrage. Willoughby Lake,

A. Wood ; on high rocks.
S. ViRGixiENSis, Michx. Early White Saxifrage.

Very common ; rocky hillsides and in open woods ;

last of April.
S.* Pennsvlvaxica, L.. S-X'avip .Saxifrage. Swamps

and bogs ; not very' common ; June.
MiTELLA DiPHVLLA, L. Mitre-xvort. Very abundant

on rocky hillsides and borders of groves and aV)out

large rocks in fields ; Mav.
M. XUDA, L. Rare; woods on borders of swamps and

shaded bogs : June.
TiARELEA coRDiFOLiA, L. Tiareila . Very abundant

on moist banks ; last of May.
CiiRYSOSPLEXiUM Americaxl'M, Schw. Water Mat.

Not uncommon in brooks and boggy places ; May.

NOTICE. 253

Ordei^CRASSULACE.^.

Penthorum sedoides, L. Stotie Crop. Common
along ditches and in moist places ; July.

Sedum *Telephium, L. Live-for-ever. Common in
many places in stony grovuid where it has escaped
from cultivation and become naturalized.

Order— HAMAMELACE.^.

Hamamelis Virgixica, L. Witch Hazel. Common
in damp woods ; October.

Notice to Subscribers. — With this number closes
Volume One of this Journal ; delinquent subscribers
ai'e requested to forward their remittances immediately,
not only for the past, but for the succeeding volume.

CONTENTS.

Character and Customs of tlic Pawnees, bv T. E. Raiincv. i

Qualitative Analysis of the Mineral .Springs of Essex Countv,
Vermont. Bv H. A. Cutting. 17, 149

Indian History of NorLliern Vermont. By ^V'm. W. Grout. .:i

Meteorological Register, kept by J. M. Currier. 26

New Mounting for Microscopic Objects. By II. A. Cutting. 43

"^ Double Maple Tree. 45

Transactions of the Orleans County .Society of Natural Sciences.

49, 94, 120, 158, 179, 198

▼ Notes on the Flora of Vermont. By Geo. II. Perkins. 65

Geology and Mineralogy of Orleans County. By S. R. Hall. 71

•-^ Catalogue of the Cryptogamiy of Vermont. By C. C P'rost.

78, III, 152, 192, 234, 249

Dust .Storm in Vermont. By II. A. Cutting. Si

Insect Fauna of Camel's Hump. By P. .S. .Sprague. 85

Scientific Intelligence, 89, 117, 15

256 CONTENTS.

Bibliographical Notices. 47, 90, 119, 156. 175, J05, .'24

Observations on the Beaver of Orleans Countv. Bv Isaac Par-
ker. 97

Catalogue of, and Observations on the Birds of V^crmont. By
Daniel Goodhue. 102, 171

Natural History Papers. By II. A. Cutting. 105

Birds, in their Relation to Agriculture. By Geo. II. Perkins. 130

Catalogue of the Flowering Plants of Vermont. By Geo. II.
Perkins. 161, 181, 215, 231, 252

Botanical Notes. 167

Notes on Nostochinenc. B\ II. A. Cutting. 190

Meteorological Observations. By II. .\. Cutting. 196

Direction of the Wind in Local Thunder .Storms. I'.v II. A.

Cutting.

209

Notes on the Winooski Marble. By Geo. II. Perkins. 218

Observations on Ozone, and its Relation to Disease. By U. A.

Cutting. 226, 242

Cloud-Formation in the Valley of Lake Champlain. By J. M.

Currier. 247

New York Botanical Garden Librar

3 5185 00257 8290

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